Malcolm X and the Civil Rights War - Free Essay Example

There are some who may argue that immediately after the end of the American Civil War and abolition of slavery, America entered in a new era of modern black slavery. One that did not see the blacks physically restrained in chains, but entangled in an era of segregation, physical and verbal attacks, lynching, and silver tongued political promises of equality. The African American Civil Rights movement has had a long and tumultuous history. However today only the Civil Right movements of the 1950s and 60s are recognized for positive gains which marked history for black citizens. Many Civil Right leaders and activists such as Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, Walter Francis White, and Ella Baker put an immense amount of work into improving the lives of the African Americans in post Civil War America, yet they take a back seat to figures like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. who is recognized as the public face of the Civil Rights movement. In the late 1950s a shift began . For many years the Civil Right leaders and activists sought to work within black communities and with national politicians to pass laws to ensure that the American blacks were given the same opportunities as the white man. This approach, sometimes called the top down approach, promoted the idea that through legislature and federal enforcement the American Negro could eventually achieve the same rights as his white neighbors. However, for every law passed to ensure equality including the Civil Rights Act of 1957, Voting Rights Act, and Brown vs. Board of Education, there was opposition from white citizens. Segregation and racial oppression began to rise, especially in the south. Anywhere the Civil Rights movement began to gain momentum so did crimes against blacks with majority of those crimes never investigated or prosecuted. Law makers, specially southern Democrats worked actively to make passing any bills to support the Civil Rights Movement difficult. In April 1918, Leonidas Dyer introduced H.R. 11279, an anti-lynching bill based on a draft by Albert E. Pillsbury that called for prosecution of any lynchers and included monetary restitution for the family of the victim from the county in which the crime occured in. The house bill was filibustered by southern Democrats and defeated in the south. As Civil Right leaders pushed for more federal aid, they ignored the white view of the negro social movements. Whites believed negro leadership demanded the white mans house, the white mans job, and a seats for their children in the white mans schools. The white man did not want integration, he wanted segregation. Effectively the Civil Rights era can be summed up as black progress vs. white backlash. The Civil Rights movement was pushing for government assistance and social changes that improved the lives of black Americans. However, these changes would enslave blacks to the Federal government effectively creating a welfare state. In a report titled The Negro Problem: The Case for National Action; also called the Moynihan Report written by The Assistant Secretary of Labor, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Moynihan argued that there laid a foundation of destructive ghetto culture in the black community that gave rise to the black-single-mother-families which widened the gap between the negro and other American societies. He argued that while blacks were working to achieve civil liberties by encouraging a top down approach in order to help citizens at the bottom, they were not taking care of their own social needs nor were they working toward self improvement measures that would give them better a economic future. According to Moynihans report, between 1954 and 1964 more blacks were out of work resulting in higher rates of poverty and lower education which gave rise to crime that affected the black community in a negative way. After publishing of this report, the NAACP condemned and dismissed the report as nothing but racial profiling based on inaccurate information. What Civil Rights activists and leaders ignored was that in order for the socio-economic status of Blacks to improve, they must first change the social behavior in their own community, effectively improving the black social status from the ground up, not the other way around. The top down approach utilized by the Civil Rights movement would increase the dependency of the black community to the federal government and not lessen it. The need for self reliance was overlooked in lieu of gaining social equality by working with the very people that did not see the black person as equal to himself in the first place. The inner social problems gripping the black community were not ignored or dismissed by everyone. Malcolm Xs ideology and teaching centered around the idea that social improvements were the only solution that would result in black prosperity. Born Malcolm Little, he suffered multiple family tragedies beginning at a very young age. When he was six years old, his father who was a former supporter of the early black nationalist leader Marcus Garvey, was murdered by members of The Black Legion; a white paramilitary force. Years later his mother became institutionalized after she suffered a major nervous breakdown promoting welfare officials to split and place Malcolm and his siblings into different foster homes. While in junior high, Malcolm dropped out of school because he learned that despite his aptitude for learning, he would not be able to achieve his dreams. One day in classroom he was asked by his english teacher if he thought about what career he wanted to pursue. Malcolm respond ed by saying that he would like to be a lawyer. Surprised by the response, his teacher sat Malcolm down and told him Malcolm, one of lifes first needs is for us to be realistic. Youve got to be realistic about being a nigger, a lawyer- thats no realistic goal for a nigger. Disheartened, Malcolm decided to drop out of school and started to work and move around the country. Slowly he was initiated into a life of crime and after moving to Boston to live with his half sister, he turned his efforts, anger, and focus in becoming a full-time criminal. He became a drug pusher, pimp and gang leader a perfect example of what the Moynihan Report suggested was happening in the black community. At age 19 he was arrested and convicted of burglary at a series of Boston-area homes. He was sentenced to state prison for six years. While in prison, Malcolm decided to change his life and began to use the prisons library to educate himself. He learned all he could about slavery and the past, becoming disgusted and horrified by what he learned. Followi ng the example of family members, Malcolm converted from Christianity and joined the Nation of Islam. He began to correspond with its leader, Elijah Muhammad. The Nation of Islam preached black self-reliance and empowerment and that striked and accord with Malcolm. He began to view the current black situation as nothing but the effects of post civil war modern slavery. He dropped his last name, Little, and instead adopted the letter X which stood for unknown. He believed that all blacks living in America had been given their last names by the slave masters and that not one negro living in America knew his or her true name, only his or her slave name. He also viewed the problems facing the blacks in America as a human problem and not solely a Civil Rights problem. Malcolm X could not support the strategy of the Civil Rights movement because he identified a paradox in the non-violent Civil Rights movement of Dr. King. Malcolm believed that the Civil Rights movement leaders accepted the status quo. They encouraged no retaliation in face of police brutality, intimidation, murder, and harassment as these events where everyday norm for the black man and woman living in America. He framed his view by stating: any time a shepard, a pastor, teaches you and me not to run from the white man, and at the same time teaches us not to fight the white man, hes a traitor to you and me. He labeled the Civil Rights leaders, especially Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., as nothing but the modern Uncle Tom. Placating their white master while modern slaves were beaten by the police, kept down and forced to live in segregation. It was during this time that Malcolm X also began to diverge away from the teachings of Elijah Muhammad. He began to realize that Elijah Muhammad had served the status quo more than Dr. King, by keeping Muslims praying in their house of worship and out of voting booth and Civil Rights activity. He urged his black Muslim brothers to no longer let status quo lead their actions. He urged them to get up, fight and take the fight to the agitators. As a black nationalist he believed and encouraged the black Americans to fight racial oppression, segregation and discrimination by any means necessary. Malcolm X believed that seperation was the only mean to true freedom and prosperity for the African American people and that there was a clear distinction between separation and segregation. During his speech at Michigan State University, he stated that segregation is forced upon inferiors by superiors and a segregated community is a negro community. Malcolm pointed out that even though negroes lived in separate communities, they in fact lived in a segregated community. They lived under white law, white economy, and white politics. Malcolm believed that the only solution was to rise from the bottom and push the through the top. He argued that the philosophy of black nationalism involves a re-education program in the black community in regards to economics and commerce, politics, and law, especially regarding human rights law. There are many who attribute the teachings of both Malcolm X and Dr. King to the Civil Right activity branch of W.E.B DuBois. Through my research, I now believe that Malcolms views on how to address the inner social issues plaguing the black population is more aligned with Booker T. Washingtons ideals that a bottom up approach than with DuBois top down approach. Just like Booker T., Malcolm valued education very highly and believed that economic prosperity could only be achieved for the black man, by the black man, within the black mans community. That prosperity would give the black man power to sit equally at the negotiating table without dependance on the very people that caused him harm in the first place. Over and over he argued that negros could never have civil rights in America until their human rights were first restored, and argued that we will never be recognized as citizens until we are first recognized as humans. Separation was the road to salvation and for that dream to come true, the black community had to control its economy, politics, laws and enforcement, and overall its own everything. Many who study Malcolm X and his work as a social activist often overlook the fact that he viewed the problems facing the 22 million blacks living in America not as a race problem, but as a human problem. In many of his speeches he argued that the human rights struggle was greater than the civil rights struggle. He believed that the civil rights fight kept black problems under the jurisdiction of the very people enforcing the problem. In a speech sharing his views, Malcolm stated, Civil Rights means youre asking Uncle Sam to treat you right. Human rights are something you were born with, a nd they are your God given right. To Malcolm the struggles that blacks faced in America was a war. A war against the unjust, a war against the oppressor, a war against hypocrisy and human cruelty. During the Ballot or the Bullet speech Malcolm said that he believed when black men take their case to Washington, they are in fact talking to the very criminals responsible for the crime against them in first place. To take your case into any court, to any politician, to anyone representing the very system that is crushing the soul of the black man, would not result in anything better than promises that would be riddled with so many loopholes that the end result would further bind the hands of the black man. Malcolm wanted to take Uncle Sam to court. He wanted to bring the case of the African American struggle before United Nation and the World Court just like atrocities that had been committed in Latin America, Asia, and Africa were previously brought to the World Court. He argued that on the only level that one could do so would fall under the category of human right, because Civil Ri ghts simply means youre asking the aggressor to treat you right. Later on during his pilgrimage and travel around the world, Malcolm X learned how the world saw America. Traveling throughout the Muslim world Malcolm was confronted over and over with questions about Americas racial discrimination. In his autobiography Malcolm wrote that he was astonished at the degree to which the major single image of America seemed to be discrimination. Malcolm X was one of the only Civil Right era social activist that understood the problem facing his people. He waged a war against hypocrisy and status quo by empowering his followers to stand up, become responsible for their own prosperity, fight back and never back down. He encouraged followers to defend themselves against the racial bullies and take the fight to them. Throughout history Malcolm X has been labeled and even credited as the leader of the black militant movement. His fiery speeches and belief in absolute separation and retaliation will forever mark him as an agitator. I shared this view before studying Malcolm Xs life and teachings. Malcolms violent past shaped who he became. Angry at the unfair world, angry at what he and other African Americans believed was years of broken promises, fed up with the treatment he and other blacks received every single day, and angry with the black leaders who drank tea with the very people who brought so much misery upon them. However, Malcolm was also a man of principle and great pride. Elijah Muhammad, his teacher and mentor had affairs with seven of his teenage secretaries and fathered eight children with the young women. When Malcolm learned this, he confronted Muhammad requiring him to reveal the truth to his congregation. When faced with any truth, Malcolm adapted, accepted, and acted accordingly. Some think that this was a flaw in Malcolm Xs character and labeled him a flip flopper, however he acted according to his morals and what the truth laid before him. Malcolms religion was at the heart of his beliefs and teachings. He believed that for the Blacks in America to prosper, separation and full acceptance of Islam was a must. This belief however was changed when Malcolm went on his pilgrimage to Mecca and visited with the Muslim leaders in Middle East and North Africa. In a letter to Dr. Shawarbi, Malcolm expressed his wonderment and awe at how all people from all corners of the world seem to be treated as one under Islamic Law. He wrote, There were tens of thousands of pilgrims, from all over he world. They were of all colors, from blue-eyed blondes to black-skinned Africans, but we were all participating in the same ritual displaying a spirit of unity and brotherhood that my experiences in America had led me to believe never could exist between the white and the non-white. Malcolm further expressed in his letter to Dr. Shawarbi that America needs to understand Islam, because this is the one religion that erases from its society the race problem. As he met with many open-minded muslim leaders he began to change his conviction. Malcolm began to believe that unification of blacks in America was possible under the Islamic flag. Malcolm believed that the Negro leaders in America must travel to all the non-white lands and meet with educated men and world leaders so that he could return home with more effective thinking and solutions to Americas racial problem. The world saw the Negro in America as confused and divided believing that if he doesnt himself know what his cause is how can he achieve what he desires? In Malcolms view, the Civil Rights War could only be won by empowering the 22 million blacks through political, economical, and social education. To be self-reliant would remove the dependency on white man and his law. Before his death, Malcolm began to spread his belief that not only blacks, but all Americans should be indoctrinated with Islam and learn from its lessons so that all could live under one nation, effectively eliminating the need for separation.

Define Alcoholism - Free Essay Example

One way to define alcoholism would be a destructive disease that enslaves people into choosing alcohol over everything. Where does alcoholism come from? Why is alcoholism such a common issue, yet most people dont know that they struggle from the addiction? Even better, what has the government done about this issue? In the early 1980s, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, stating that it is illegal to drink under the age of 21. Ever since the law was created, there had been a drastic change in reducing the number of drunk driving and alcohol-related incidents with teenagers. In spite of, many American teenagers argue that the minimum drinking age should be lowered and that they should have the right to have a drink once in a while. Many adolescents are irresponsible and consider drinking as just a phase or fun; therefore, lowering the drinking age to 18 would only increase their risks of drunk driving, alcohol poisoning, and violent/destructive behavior. Throughout a teenagers years, a majority of them believe that to genuinely have funned they need to go to parties and have a drink or two. These are the years when many young people start experimenting with alcohol. Alcohol can be found anywhere easily. In the film, Real Life Teens: Alcohol the reporter asserts that Alcohol is everywhere in our society today from advertisements to restaurants to TV and movies. Everyone seems to be drinking. Getting it doesnt seem to be a problem (2001, 5:50). Since everyone seems to have alcohol, it makes teenagers feel the need to also drink. This is considered to be prohibited which is why many teenagers want the minimum drinking age to be lowered. When teenagers drink, they do it because of the way alcohol makes them feel, it gives them a thrill or makes them feel grown up. They also might be doing it to fit in and feel as if their part of a peer group because having friends and fitting in is significant to teenagers. Teenagers will claim that if theyre able to vote and go to war risking their lives, then they should have the power to drink alcoholic beverages. Alcohol may not seem like a drug, but its a psychoactive addictive substance that affects an individuals body, behavior, and decision-mak ing abilities. What most people may not realize is that soldiers at war dont drink for the enjoyment of it, but because they are more associated with suicidal behavior. Herberman acknowledges that High levels of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems are associated with suicide and suicidal behaviors as well as psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. This statement does not only relate to U.S. military soldiers but also civilians proving the risk we have in todays society. The age of consent for drinking should remain at 21 to help reduce the risk of suicide and depression disorders. Compared to other countries around the world, the United States has the highest minimum drinking age. This would be another reasoning for teenagers wanting the minimum drinking age lowered. In Mexico, the drinking age is 18, and in Spain, its 16. Thinking it cant get any lower, shockingly the drinking age in Russia is none! Among all nations, Russia ranks as one of the highest consumption percentages of alcohol which isnt surprising since they have no drinking age. The alcohol consumed there contributed the country to higher risks of early death. Their life expectancy is 70.5 years compared to America which is 78.69 years. The contribution of alcohol there also brings higher rates in accidents, heart disease, and cirrhosis, among others. Russia allows drinking within any age range which is what teenagers want. Allowing the drinking age to be lowered or not have one at all would bring absolutely no good at all but only more deaths. If the age of consent for drinking was lowered down to 18, there would be more freedom and a less risk of establishing a drinking disorder as an adult. Thats what most teenagers want to believe; however, thats completely inaccurate. Carpenter did a study researching how lowering the age would affect the public health, and ended up finding shocking results. He explains that its; however, difficult to assume or estimate how many drinks would be taken if the drinking age were lowered, so he estimated the harm per drink to the person consuming the beverage. For every additional drink, an individual consumes, results in a higher increase for the risk of dying especially if underaged. Carpenter infers that If the drinking age were lowered to 18, there would be an additional 8 deaths per 100,000 person years for the 18-20 age group. Claiming that the drinking age should definitely not be lowered. The statement and research prove that by lowering the minimum drinking age, it would do more harm physically to the human body at such an extreme that it would cause yet again more deaths. The National Minimum Drinking Act has been a huge success for todays society. In the article, Minimum Drinking Age: Should the minimum drinking age in the United States remain 21?, it is noted that Supporters of the current minimum drinking age say that the higher age limit has reduced drunk driving deaths substantially, and generally makes for a safer environment. Supporting the fact that the minimum drinking age currently is helping the public health. The article also claims other ways about how the drinking act has been a success by noting that It has prevented scores of negative alcohol-related incidents in addition to car crashes, such as fights, alcohol overdoses and other types of accidents, they say, many of which never get reported and therefore are not reliably tracked. Concluding that wh en drinking is considered a topic, the discussion will mostly only be about drunk driving because the numbers of it happening are just the most measurable results we have. Other surprising alcohol-related accidents that we dont have a direct measure of which have improved since the drinking act law would be alcohol poisoning, birth defects, obesity, drownings, and falling off balconies at parties. Alcohol will affect a young developing brain more than a full-grown developed brain. It dramatically affects the brain mentally, especially if the brain is still developing. A brain isnt fully developed until around the age of 26. When young people drink, theres a higher risk of their brain not developing properly. Drinking will cause irreversible changes specifically to the area of the brain that is responsible for rational thinking. Damage to this particular area of the brain could lead to memory problems, impaired problem solving, and learning difficulties; therefore, the less alcohol consumed, the better the brain functioning. Other impacts of alcohol in teenagers would be the physical effects it can cause to the human body. When taking a drink, it increa ses the risk of an individuals health condition. Alcohol doesnt digest in the stomach it passes quickly through the bloodstream and travels to every part of the body including the brain, kidneys, lungs, and liver. It has the power to be able to damage each of those body parts we need to stay alive. Alcohol in the system will last about an hour or more depending on how much was consumed. It will last longer than most people realize, and when still under the influence of alcohol, they wont think twice about their actions. Richter attributes by claiming that Alcohol use can be particularly risky during adolescence and young adulthood, when critical components of brain development are underwaywhich are associated with the tendency to engage in risky behaviors. These risky behaviors will create consequences that could impact a childs life forever such as getting into a car crash which will either risk someone elses life, or their own with death, injury, and/or guilt. Adolescent drinking can be caused by the way a child is raised during their childhood. Teenagers who grow up with too strict or too permissive parents, tend to drink alcohol more than their peers. If a parent is too strict, the kid will feel as if he/she has no rights to do anything; therefore, when something as drinking isnt allowed, it makes them want to do it, even more, causing a higher risk of it happening. If a parent is too permissive or too easygoing, the child will feel as if they can do whatever they want, and not even feel guilty about the decision theyve just made. Cornelius supported this by predicting that Less parental involvement and acceptance were significantly related to earlier initiation of alcohol and greater drinking level in the bivariate analyses. This statement claims that parents should try to be more involved and supportive in their childs life. The parents should give the child some freedom such as hanging out with friends, but also set some rules such as no drinking and doing drugs. If parents become more encouraging and sympathetic towards their child, they could help prevent their child from drinking underage and staying healthy. By having a prevention program for all urban and suburban high schools such as the RRR, can help decrease alcohol use for adolescents. The RRR stands for Refuse, Remove, and Reasons. Michelle did a study where she had two groups: the RRR group, and the comparison group. The comparison group was the group of participants that werent part of any program between the age of 14 and 19. After a few months of this study, Michelle determines that there was a significant finding for reducing days getting drunk from alcohol for the RRR group compared with the comparison groupthe comparison groups getting drunk from alcohol increased over time and the RRR groups decreased. The capability for the RRR group to be able to reduce adolescents drinking consumption creates a strong argument to keep and have more prevention programs in high schools. If teenagers arent prevented from drinking and begin drinking underage they raise the risk of future alcohol addiction problems. Alcoholism is the cruelest form of alcohol abuse in which the individual becomes dependent on alcohol to be able to function. Side effects include slowed reaction times, slowed brain activity, slurred speech, disruption of sleep patterns, and changes to vision (blurriness). Addiction develops more rapidly to a teenager than to an adult. A teenager will take about 6 to 8 months to get addicted, while an adult will take about 5 years. People who begin to crave alcohol and start to become dependable eventually produce a tolerance to it, so to get the same effect, they need to drink more than usual. This can quickly become a habit which then creates an alcoholic. Alcohol has been a huge issue in America for decades of time, and still to this day is an issue we have. In spite of, by having the National Minimum Drinking Act created back in the 1980s, it has most definitely changed todays society tremendously. Over time with research done by experts, there have been finding ways to help prevent and reduce the number of adolescents drinking. Ways would be by having prevention programs and by parenting the right way. Many teenagers continue to argue about lower the drinking minimum age because they believe theyre responsible enough. Notwithstanding, with the facts and statistics of how it can impact an individual and the public health, proves it to them that the consequences are not worth it. Works Cited Carpenter, Christopher, and Carlos Dobkin. The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Public Health. Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 25, no. 2, Spring 2011, pp. 133156. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1257/jep.25.2.133. Cornelius, Marie D., et al. Adverse Environmental Exposures During Gestation and Childhood: Predictors of Adolescent Drinking. Substance Use Misuse, vol. 51, no. 10, Aug. 2016, pp. 12531263. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3109/10826084.2016.1162812. Accessed 13 Nov. 2018. Herberman Mash, Holly B., et al. Alcohol Use and Reasons for Drinking as Risk Factors for Suicidal Behavior in the U.S. Army. Military Medicine, vol. 181, no. 8, Aug. 2016, p. 811. EBSCOhost, doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00122. Accessed 13 Nov. 2018. Hospital, Michelle M., et al. Developing an SMS Intervention for the Prevention of Underage Drinking: Results From Focus Groups. Substance Use Misuse, vol. 51, no. 2, Feb. 2016, pp. 155164. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1073325. Accessed 13 Nov. 2018. Minimum Drinking Age: Shou ld the minimum drinking age in the United States remain 21? Issues Controversies, Infobase Learning,12 May 2006, https://icof.infobaselearning.com/recordurl.aspx?ID=2351. Accessed 13 Nov. 2018. Real Life Teens: Alcohol. Films Media Group, 2001, digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=95625xtid=42151. Accessed 24 Nov. 2018. Richter, Linda, et al. Underage Drinking: Prevalence and Correlates of Risky Drinking Measures among Youth Aged 12-20. The American Journal Of Drug And Alcohol Abuse, vol. 42, no. 4, July 2016, pp. 385394. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3109/00952990.2015.1102923. Accessed 13 Nov. 2018.

Birth Models Annotated Bibliography

MacDonald, M. Bourgeault, I. (2009). The Ontario Midwifery Model of Care. In Davis-Floyd, R., Barclay, L., Davis, B., Tritten, J. (Ed.), Birth Models that Work (pp. 89 118). Carlifornia: University of California Press. Canadian Midwifery as a profession was not formally recognized until 1994, when it developed into an autonomous profession for many midwives in Canada. Margaret and Ivy set out to study â€Å"Practicing Midwives† in Ontario and the successful integration of midwifery in the province of Ontario from its days as a grassroots social movement to its present status as a full profession. This midwifery model is devoted to offering women-centred, low-tech alternatives to mainstream obstetrical care as such based on the premise that the midwife follows the woman throughout the full course of care from pregnancy to postpartum and attends the birth in the setting chosen by the woman. The nature of midwifery practice varies across Canada; Ontario being common for local women respected with expertise. In fact two-thirds of Ontario hospitals, births are conducted in the presence of midwives thus presenting midwifery in Canada as social practice embedded in women’s domestic culture in which continuity is highly regarded. However, the distinct improvement and integration of the Ontario midwifery practice skills as compared to other national and regional models was as a result of external factors including international influences. This therefore shows that this model can best be described as both a social movement and professionalization project. Additionally, this model reflects the tenets of continuity of care, informed choice and choice of birth place. However, as members of the public and other health care professionals become more aware of midwifery, this situation is expected to change as integration proceeds, whereby most midwives will have access to all settings thus becoming an effective birth model practice. Reed, B. Walton, C. (2009). The Albany Midwifery Practice. In Davis-Floyd, R., Barclay, L., Davis, B., Tritten, J. (Ed.), Birth Models that Work (pp. 141-158). Carlifornia: University of California Press. Desperate for change, a group of midwives working together in South East London won the setup money for a groundbreaking midwifery practice. This group, The South East London Midwifery Group Practice (SELMGP) was a community-based project offering a self-managed midwifery service ensuring continuity of care and career to women living in a deprived inner-city area. After a successful outcome and effectiveness in terms of birth delivery and continuous care, it was renamed the Albany Midwifery Practice and became the first group of National health trust in the United Kingdom to successfully negotiate a sub-contract with a health care trust. The Albany Midwifery Practice is a self-employed and self-managed midwifery group practice. It employs seven midwives in partnership, with two practice support workers and serves a non-clinical base providing antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care to women for up to twenty-eight days. After successful years of research and experience, Becky and C athy explain in detail why the use of this practice has achieved excellent outcome for women since 1997. They strongly believe in women’s ability to give birth with minimal assistance. Although the Albany Midwifery Practice and the Ontario Midwifery Model of Care show a continuous practice of midwifery and woman-cantered care, however, the Albany Midwifery team model doesn’t show a high-level of continuity of career, and is associated with levels of burnout for midwives. In developed countries it has been demonstrated that the development of a nation wide system of integrated midwives is the single most important factor in reducing maternal mortality. Consequently, due to a steady increase of home births since 2001, the Albany Midwifery model shows an influence on local birthing culture. Penwell, V. (2009). Mercy in Action: Bringing Mother and Baby Friendly Birth Centres to the Philippines. In Davis-Floyd, R., Barclay, L., Davis, B., Tritten, J. (Ed.), Birth Models that Work (pp.337-364). Carlifornia: University of California Press. Vicki Penwell takes an initiative to study the first women admitted for labour and delivery in two charity birth centres in Philippines from 1993 to 2003. The aim of this research was to identify the mortality as a result to poor midwifery practice in the Philippines, thus prompting the evolution of the Mother Baby model of care. This model of care promotes the health and well-being of all women and babies during pregnancy, birth, breastfeeding, setting the gold standard for excellence and superior outcomes in maternity care. Consequently, from this research it revealed that certain practices in Philippines robbed dignity from the mother giving birth, even with the practice of midwifery. This is because midwives are not prepared with the necessary skills or resources for obstetric emergencies. According to the WHO 2005 World Health Report, the world’s greatest current health need is making motherhood safe and saving the lives of newborns. In light of this great tragedy involvi ng pregnant women and infants, and in light of the global shortage of trained midwives as reported by WHO, Vicki together with her husband Scott and family members, colleagues and friends established teaching birth centres offering no-cost care in low-resource areas in the Philippines. As a result Mercy in Action, Inc. was founded. The non-profit organization operated as a charitable funding source and a training centre for midwives. The Mercy in Action Inc. is also attributed for operating birth centres and medical missions in Philippines. This came in the wake to save lives of many mothers and babies lost because of unskilled midwifery practices in the Philippines. In particular, Penwell talks of great increase in successful births outcomes and suggests that demographically high-risk women can still have good birth outcomes using a model of Mother-Friendly care run by midwives in an out-or-hospital setting in a poor and underdeveloped country such as the Philippines. This brings a strong conviction that all maternity service providers should be educated in, provide, and support the Mother-Baby Model of Care, both in Philippines and the entire world. Rising, S. and Jolivet, R. (2009). The Centering Pregnancy Group Prenatal Care Model. In Davis-Floyd, R., Barclay, L., Davis, B., Tritten, J. (Ed.), Birth Models that Work (pp.365-384 ). Carlifornia: University of California Press. The prenatal period encompasses a major life event for women and their families. It heralds the birth of a new family constellation, which brings with it awesome responsibility of parenting. Sharon and Rima take on the initiative of establishing the CenteringPregancy prenatal model of care. This multifaceted model integrates the three major components of prenatal care that is health assessment, education and support into a unified program within a group setting. It also provides a mechanism for continuity of health care into the wider scope of â€Å"continuity of caring† for women and families who form strong bonds during their group experiences together. Therefore, portraying this practice as a woman-centered and community based one. Sharon sees this model as a unique, refreshing approach and a powerful tool towards mother’s care. Consequently, this model also empowers mothers to choose health-promoting behaviours resulting to a positive health outcome including increa sed gestational age for mothers who deliver preterm. Through its use of groups, that provide a dynamic atmosphere of learning and sharing, it satisfies the delivery of prenatal care. This can be attributed to the Spanish-speaking women who through its application, benefited mostly from the comprehensive education. Summarily, this relationship-centered midwifery based model increases satisfaction expressed by both the women and their providers, thereby supporting CenteringPregancy model as an effective practice in terms of delivery of prenatal care.

Essay on Do School Sports Help Prevent Drug Usage

Years and years put to hard work and expansive research still struggle to find the answer to one of the most controversial and complicated struggles that our world has faced since the dawn of our species. Since religions were first invented, drugs were used for rituals, celebrations and as everyday habits. Nowadays, drugs are overtaking the world and its population. Just in the U.S, over 47 million people have experienced some type of illegal drugs and in 2011, around 7 million citizens were registered as drug addicts. Now, is this problem tackable? Are there proven ways to prevent drug usage? Recent surveys and experiments-over-time on students have shown simple yet powerful ways to address this problem. One of the top-used one was†¦show more content†¦In fact, David has done over 15 charities and opened 24 causes for UNICEF, Malaria No More, Help for Heroes, Unite Against AIDS and many more. He also created his own company for the needy: â€Å"Victoria and David Beckham Charitable Trust†. In the contemporary United States, â€Å"redskin† is often referred to as a racial slang; it’s considered to be extremely offensive: â€Å"an r-word for Native Americans equivalent to the n-word for African-Americans† (American Heritage). I believe and am sure that the football team â€Å"Redskin† has absolutely no intention to offend anyone and has no stereotypical connection to Native Americans simply because no text or description/discussion about the team points fingers at no one, making the name and logo politically - not socially - acceptable. The history behind this name goes back to 1967 when 65% of the team involved Indian players and that has nothing to do with any racial-related meanings. It’s the manager’s right to name the team after what they want since no law goes against that freedom. As controversial as it sounds, it’s acceptable and shouldn’t be considered a slur as it doesn’t insult anyone and has no specific meaning. It’s history is just like any team’s history. An example for an actually incorrect and politically inept name are the â€Å"London Rippers†, named after the famous serial killer â€Å"Jack the Ripper†. To choose between Kobe Bryant and LeBron James, IShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Drug Education Program Plan1021 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many people who believe that by exposing children to any type of knowledge about drugs it is giving them permission to use them. They do not understand that by exposing the youth to the dangers of drug use it will help in prevent the use of drugs because they know the consequences and side effects. This Drug Education Program Plan will be implemented on middle aged children. During middle school years it can be hard for many kids trying to figure out where they fit in. When faced with difficultiesRead MoreDrug Testing Should Not Be Banned1285 Words   |  6 PagesDebate over drug testing students in school is very controversial. Drug testing students gives the school administration the power to drug test random students at any time. Various schools across the country have implemented these tests. Parents have very different views on this top ic. Some believe that this gives the administration too much power. They also believe that these tests infringe on students rights. Other people believe that these tests are very helpful in decreasing the amount of studentsRead MoreEssay on Routine Drug Testing For High School Athletes1045 Words   |  5 Pagesmiracles than any wonder drug† (Neal). However, many teenagers of this era, large part athletes, seem to think differently and they constantly use illegal drugs. To help fight this problem, many colleges have taken strong actions in trying to stop drug abuse by athletes. High schools throughout the country have considered taking these same actions for various reasons as well. Some people believe that high school athletes ought to be given a routine drug test because it will help prevent them from abusingRead MoreIllicit Drugs Have Become A Big Issue In Today’S Society.1430 Words   |  6 PagesIllicit drugs have become a big issue in today’s society. Many schools feel the need to prevent the increasing use of these illegal and harmful drugs. In order to decrease the number of students who are abusing or just using drugs, many schools have adopted drug testing policies. These drug testing policies vary from school to school; however, they all are testing students involved in extracurricular activities such as school clubs, athletics, and even students who own a parking pass. Although theRead MoreEnhancing Drugs And Its Impact On Academic Integrity Statements At Colleges881 Words   |  4 Pagesacademic integrity statements at colleges. In sports the use of performance-enhancing drugs is considered cheating and is a universally accepted rule. The Tour de France is a bicycle race that tests bikers’ abilities to bike around France without any outside help. Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven titles of the Tour de France when he admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs. Similar reasoning should be applied to using neur o-enhancing drugs illicitly in college. The illicit use of AdderallRead MoreIs Drug Testing Amongst High School Youths Beneficial?1334 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Testing Amongst High School Youths Drug testing, or DT, is considered to be any test administered to detect the presence of drugs, usually illegal substances, from a blood or urine sample. Major applications include the use to detect performance enhancing drugs in competitive athletes, employment screening used to filter candidates for hiring, and is often used by police to detect alcohol levels in drivers suspected of drunk driving. Historically, it has been applied to incriminate those suspectedRead MoreThe And Innovative Substance Abuse Prevention Education Program1148 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Facing unparalleled drug abuse among the youth in the 1970’s and early 1980’s, visionary Los Angeles Police Chief Daryl Gates and the Los Angeles Unified School District in 1983 launched an unprecedented and innovative substance abuse prevention education program. Children here in the United States and all over the world benefit from having D.A.R.E( Drug Abuse Resistance Education) in their schools. They tea ch children about the importance of avoiding joining gangs, doing drugs, and violence. FoundedRead MorePreventing Teen Substance Abuse Within Rural Areas1205 Words   |  5 PagesPreventing Teen Substance Abuse in Rural Areas Teenagers living in rural communities are more susceptible to drug and alcohol abuse than their urban counterparts. Although it may seem that living in a less populated area would present teens with less opportunity for trouble, the lack of stimulation creates an atmosphere conducive to substance abuse. PsychologyToday.com has listed boredom among the top reasons that teens get themselves into trouble (Lohmann, 2010). Public programs and activities provideRead MoreAcademic Ethical Dilemma: Learning Enhancement Through Chemistry1573 Words   |  7 Pagesmany in the academic world worried. This trend is the increase use of drugs to enhance the brains ability to not only work harder, longer and faster but also to retain that knowledge. Doping is no longer the exclusive realm of sports professionals (Block,2003). Not only does this create opportunities for todays students to excel but it also creates some major ethical issues to be addressed. There are two popular drugs that are reported to be at the forefront of this trend: Ritalin, whichRead MoreDaisy Martinez. Kline. Period 4. 13 April 2017. Drug Penalty1888 Words   |  8 Pages2017 Drug Penalty in Professional Sports Drugs in professional sports has become a problem ever since the 1960s. Whether it is a performance enhancing drug, a recreational drug, alcohol or anything along those lines, drug consumption among professional athletes has become more common over time. Along with drug usage by professional athletes comes the health consequences, punishments and or treatment. The penalty professional athletes face for drug consumption should correspond to each drug consumed

The Best Motivation For An Organization s Success

Leadership is considered to be one of the most important factors that contribute to an organization s success. The role of leader can be rather complicated since as a leader we are responsible for the results of the company and to ensure that all the members of a team work diligently and cooperate well with each other. In addition, leaders are also responsible for creating a positive work environment that promotes efficiency. All in all, successful leadership consists of various aspects that are to be discussed in this paper. 1. Motivation- What do you consider to be your best motivational tool for your staff, and why. In my opinion, the best motivation for the employees is to be honest, trustworthy, and personable. When employees can trust their leaders they tend to be more motivated and involved in the company. To gain my employees trust I always try to relate to my employees and understand their situations. It is vital to keep in mind that the organization consists of people, not robots and everyone has their own unique problems and challenges that can be distractive. As a leader, it is paramount that we relate to our employees on a personal level and this will help gain their trust. This strategy seems to be effective in a long run and can be very positive for the company. Another key element in motivating my staff is leading by example. Leaders that actually lead their employees instead of just barking orders can inspire motivation without saying a word. I believeShow MoreRelatedCreating A Team Building Culture Option1479 Words   |  6 PagesBuilding Culture Option #2 One of the many responsibilities of company leaders is to ensure that their organization is able to compete and excel in the global marketplace. One way organizations are reaching this goal is though a shift in organizational culture. According to Thompson (2014), a company s culture can be defined as its personality or the way in which things are done. When an organization attempts to shift its culture from that of an individual contribution to a team environment, the transitionRead MoreThe Success Or Failure Of Any Firm Or Organization Depends Upon The Competency And Proficiency Of Its Workforce1584 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment Prof Terrell Aicha Diakite GB 540 The success or failure of any firm or organization depends upon the competency and proficiency of its workforce. To improve the performance of a particular organization and its employees, motivation is required from the workforce. Employee maintenance can be practiced by thoroughly motivating the employees in many ways. In the big organizational environment, it is hard for the supervisor to motivate employees as compared to the small organizationalRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Its Importance1517 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy to a knowledge economy era. Economic globalization and improve the level of global competition, organizations have had to make full use of all their resources to ensure its survival and development. As an important resource organization human resource organization also attracted more and more attention. Effective human resource management has become a key organizational development and success. In 1991, the United States, IBM and Tower Perrin consulting firm jointly nearly 3,000 senior humanRead MoreThe Importance Of Management For Ensuring Success1371 Words   |  6 PagesConcepts and theories that can be useful to managers in ensuring success in teamwork projects Introduction: Team work is a group of individual s people that works together in a business Institutions or organisation, and they characterized by integrated skills among themselves, and they have common goals and one purpose, and the reason of setting up a team work is in order to achieve a specific objective or a task requiring a certain coordination and integration among the team members, which canRead MoreMotivation/Reward System1404 Words   |  6 PagesEssay 1: Motivation/Reward System by Blake P. Rodabaugh EDD 9100 CRN 35455 Leadership Seminar Nova Southeastern University January 15, 2012 Essay 1: Motivation/Reward System Employee motivation seems to be at the core of what defines leadership or more importantly a leader. The success or failure of an organization is dependent upon the ability of those in leadership positions and roles to motivate and inspireRead MoreThe Challenges Of Managers Face Today1274 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many different challenges that managers face today that they did not face 50 years ago. Motivation as described by Maccoby consists of 4 R s. Those 4 R s include responsibilities, relationships, reward and reasons. These 4 R s were prevalent in motivation 50 years ago and are the reason why it is harder for companies to keep motivating today. Responsibilities in the workplace 50 years ago were simple, the men would go to work, at jobs that usually involved physical labor, and provideRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Drive By Daniel H. N. Pink1458 Words   |  6 Pagesdangling something, such as a carrot, in front of someone s face or poking them with a stick. If you want a student to do something, why are they motivated with some type of compensation such as an A in the class? In his book, Drive, Daniel H. Pink divides motivation into three categories that evolved over time- Motivation 1.0, 2.0, 3.0. using these theories to challenge this motivation of carrot and sticks. Throughout Pink’s book, motivation is described as an operating system. He tells readers thatRead MoreThe Best Way to Increase Work Motivation for an Organisation Is Through Financial Rewards. Discuss.1711 Words   |  7 Pageseffects of financial rewards on the work motivation of an organization and also whether or not this system of reward can cause an increase in the levels of work motivation already present in the organization. It furthermore aims to discuss weather Financial Rewards are the best way to increase the work motivation present. Although the essay shall primary be focused on Financial Rewards and Work Motivation, other factors that may have an effect on work motivation shall be discussed. For this purpose theRead MoreHcs 325 Motivational Methods Paper1279 Words   |  6 PagesMotivational Methods HCS 325 June 4, 2012 Motivational Methods Motivation is a key aspect in the organization or workplace, and it is imperative to know the basic theory application and methods dealing with any problems that usually unavoidable for the employee and will come up in any work environment. This is a mandatory skills for a leader or future manager to know how important on how to motivate his or her employee to work more efficient. Motivating employees is a big dilemma for managersRead MoreMotivation and Conflict Resolution Essay753 Words   |  4 Pages Motivation and Conflict Resolution Conflict in the workplace is detrimental to employee motivation. An essential part of motivating employees is fostering trust and providing job satisfaction. Effectively resolving conflict is critical to the success of the organization, but is only one aspect of employee motivation. There are motivational theories that help organizations understand workplace relationships, organizational behavior, and their effects on employee motivation. Improved

Is There One True Religion Or Is Religion Man Made

Is there one true religion or is religion man made? In a nutshell, religion is a composed gathering of convictions, social frameworks, and world perspectives that relate humankind to a request for presence. Many religions have accounts, images, and hallowed histories that expect to clarify the importance of life, the beginning of life, or the Universe. Subsequently, these religions may have sorted out practices, ministry, a meaning of what constitutes adherence or participation, blessed spots, places of worship and sacred writings. The act of religion may incorporate customs, sermons, celebration or love penances, celebrations, wedding administrations, or different parts of human society. Religions might likewise contain mythology. The†¦show more content†¦The changes in these generations have not destroyed the religion per say but enhanced continuity and relevance of the religion to the status quo. Preservation of Christianity is based on the core principles such as dogma that is a set of rules that are universally believed to be incontrovertibly true. My Christian background and beliefs, however, have been based on faith rather than rational hypotheses. Is what I believe all a figment of my imagination? In his article, Matt Slick asserts that Christianity is the one true religion (Slick). That is what Christians believe and uphold to the truth despite the lack of plausible evidence to support the hypothesis. Christianity and two other monotheistic religions, Islam and Judaism all refer to Jerusalem as the Holy City (Fraser) but they don’t differ in the ways of worship. Thinking about it, if there is indeed one God, why the difference in religions and ways of worship. Additionally there also inter-religious differences within religions such as Christianity. The debate on the existence or non-existence of a true religion for that matter, in inseparable from the origin of religion. Religion is intended to center the general population s consideration and vitality on a solitary, perpetual, uncompromising and imperceptible preeminent being. The supreme being professedly made a sub-par human race only for some additional brotherhood and affection for himself and afterward

Character Analysis of Miranda in The Grave free essay sample

Mama is a hard working mother who is strong in her roots and ways. The character of Mama In Alice Walkers Everyday use perseveres through tough times and makes the most of what she has. She Is (as the story says on page 161) a big boned woman with rough, man working hands, can kill a hog as mercilessly as a man, can work outside all day and break ice water for washing. I love these things about her because I feel like I can relate to that. We are both hard workers and proud of it. Mama is humorous at times and tough at others.She can do it all except raise her daughters while fully understanding them. She seems to favor her youngest, Maggie, more than her oldest daughter, Dee because Maggie Is more withdrawn and quiet unlike Dee who is headstrong. Mama says she often fought off the temptation to shake her. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Analysis of Miranda in The Grave or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (page 163). Mama is an easy woman to understand and enjoys the simple things in life like sitting and enjoying the breeze in her yard and how comfortable it is (page 161) ND Just sitting and singing church songs to herself (page 163) or milking cows because theyre slow and soothing (page 163).She also has a quick and witty tongue that not even Johnny Carson could keep up with (page 161). Mama is also not afraid to say it like it is, she doesnt sugar coat what needs to be said but goes about it nicely, for example, when Dee/ Hangers asks Mama for the quilts, Mama wastes no time in telling Dee that l promised to give these quilts to Maggie, for when she marries John Thomas. (page 166).Dee gets upset at Mamas reply and storms out and leaves, but Mama Isnt really phased much by it, she lets It roll off her shoulders and asks Maggie to bring her a dip of snuff. then, the two of them Just sit there until Its time to go In and go to bed. (page 167). Shes so easy going and I really admire that. Character Analysis of Miranda in The Grave ay electorates 95 The character of Mama in Alice Walkers Everyday Use perseveres through tough times and makes the most of what she has.She is (as the story says on page pungent, Maggie, more than her oldest daughter, Dee because Maggie is more Indrawn and quiet unlike Dee who is headstrong. Mama says she often fought off sitting and enjoying the breeze in her yard and how comfortable it is (page 161) because theyre slow and soothing (page 163). She also has a quick and witty reply and storms out and leaves, but Mama isnt really phased much by it, she lets it them Just sit there until its time to go in and go to bed. (page 167).