Comparative criminal justice systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comparative criminal justice systems - Essay Example This has inspired innovation but it has also led people to try illegal ways of getting money. The gaige kaifang (literally means opening up and reforms) policy has also invited new types of crime to the Chinese society from other places including the west. Advancement in the legal system in China was backtracked by several factors including the cold war, world war two, and the disruptive political campaigns that followed after that. Real reform began in 1970 when legal institutions began to be formed (Gelatt, 2001). The renmin jiancha yua (procuratorate) is the agency that prosecutes criminal offences. The agency has evolved over the years from the one the emperors used to the present day system. For instance, the imperial secretary position has evolved into the present day public prosecutor. The procuratorate is part and parcel of the government and it is mandated by the National People’s Congress. Unlike in the United States where there are various legislations that are created by the different states to meet their unique legal requirements, China’s system has only one code that is applied across the board (Gelatt,

Library System Essay Example for Free

Library System Essay 2. When the computer introduced to the people before, some of them doubt the efficacy and some just ignored it. The computer is one of the products of the technology. Nowadays the technology has always new innovation to cope up with the people’s everyday activities. Today we used the computer as part of our daily activities to support our needs for the computation purposes, communications, recording transactions and other things that we will need the computer’s help. Having this machine make our work efficiently and effectively, this make our work faster and less time of doing manual routines just to have an output for our work. Now, Information management is the systems and techniques involved in effectively compiling and manipulating useful data. These is used for all the systems for providing an accuracy and recording data in order for easy reviewing and retrieval. In the field of academe, The Library Information System is in need with these for them to have a reliable and accurate data. Table of Content Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Project Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Purpose and Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Scope and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 Review of Related Literature/system . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 Technical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 List of Figures, List of Tables, List of Notations . . . 9-12 Introduction Schools set the various pedagogical changes to achieve the current level of education in our country. Because of the growing numbers of computer users, this became an effective medium to demonstrate the knowledge and skills of the students. From the traditional searching process for the books in the libraries, the interactive usage of computers can be now addressed as part of the library system. Project Context The system will be more helpful the university’s library. This will be more efficient in doing the task in a specific time. The system will be used by the librarian for inventory, recording and other purposes for keeping the information in the library. For them to keep track of their records. The system will interact to the accounting system of the university, for payment purposes of the borrowed books that have a penalty for not returned in a given period. The users of this system will interact to this system by scanning the barcode of the books for inventory and borrowing. Encoding of the description of the books for newly acquired books, and the cataloging of the books. 1 Purpose and Description UNC-LIS is the automation of all data and transactions within the library, it will handle all the information’s and data in the library of the university. The UNL-LIS is an application that allows for the retrieval of metadata of books available in a library data store. The user allows using barcode scanner for inventory the library assets and borrowing of books for easy retrieval of datas. A UNC-LIS for a university keeps track of all unreturned books and periodicals in the library and their check-out status. Checkout and return are automated through a bar code scanner (an external device). The library system also interfaces with an external relational database which stores information about the library users (students and stuff), including whether they have any library items checked out. . Library users can access the catalog and recall books and periodicals. As well as additional capabilities the system can easily generate reports such as listing of unreturned books, borrowed books, students that secured library card and listing of current books.

Terrorism has become a major concern in todays world

Terrorism has become a major concern in todays world Terrorism is widespread around the world. On September 11, 2001, the attacks on New York not only inflicted thousands of casualties and significant economic damage, but also marked the beginning of a new era of terror in which counter-terrorism has become one of the highest priorities for international institutions and national governments. Ruinous events including the modern attacks in Madrid, London, Bali, and Mumbai have placed fights against terrorism high on the political agenda. As a result, many governments reacted not only by limiting civil rights and individual freedoms but also by raising their budgets for anti-terror spending. Terrorism is stated as one of the main challenges to global security. This has led to terrorism affecting a national social and economic development. Hence, the most critical evolution of a strategy is how to reduce the threat and result of catastrophic terrorism while protecting public liberties. This essay will describe and analyze the economic cos ts and overall consequences of terrorism for society, and thus provide and evaluate several practicable solutions to counter-terrorism. These include governmental aids and international cooperation strategies. Terrorism has a complicated definition that has spread all over history appropriately describes in many expressions. Among the variety of definitions of the term are: to create regular social activity difficult; to make high image impact on the public with the goal of destroying public confidence in their own government; to seek revenge on everything without justice; to cause as much casualties as possible; and to make physical suffering and stupefying psychological emotions, such as a sense of grief, anxiety, fear, unrest, chaos, anger and panic (Drummond 2002; Loza 2007). Terrorism in reaction to political power or ideology is not a new phenomenon. This type of political violence and crime has occurred since the dawn of human chronicle. The nature of this form of political conflict has changed over time, though, developing from domestic activities to regional and international events. Because of this, terrorism has become an experience shared by many individuals, organizations, and states. Nowadays, global terrorism has become a severe actuality in society. In the 19th century, some of the most famous events of terrorism happened by anarchists who murdered many political leaders. There are several reasons have given for the use of terrorist movements. Franks (2009) points out that terrorist activities are advanced plans and beyond public expectation, the main elements are shocking, and illegal violence versus common people and non-armed personnel for the sake of threatening or forcing civilian population or a government to accept an underlying ideology of terrorism or armed attack of demands. Terrorist events are depicted according to the dynamic type of uncertainty. For instance, terrorists use suicide bombings, armed attacks, and kidnapping, to accomplish goals of inflicting damage against the military, people and government. Whatever terrorist attacks depend on, the terrorist facilities and locations and time of occurrence will bring different outcomes. Terrorism has critically affected international economic harmony between the economy and led to panic. Recently, developments in terrorist acts, in particular the 9/11 events have created vast collapses in the global economy. Lenain et al. (2002) mentioned that nearly 200,000 jobs were devastated and people have been forced to move out of New York City, and this is only temporary minimum. Manhattan has lost scores of businesses and about 30 percent of its office places have vanished. Furthermore, the damage of physical property was calculated sum of $14 billion for private businesses, thus the state and local government had spent at least $1.5 billion enterprises and $700 million for federal government. Following the cleanup, rescue and related costs have been calculated the sum of $11 billion. For trade and commercial assets, casualty insurers, the calculated costs arising from the 9/11 attacks in total $40 billion U.S. dollars. (Brown et al. 2002).The global tourism, financial mark ets and the airline industries had a huge collision in short-term effect. Despite the global economy has recovered from the 9/11 event and adapting to the new global realities, thus the asset markets that around the world can feel the longer-term impact of security risk in high-risk premiums, also the handling terrorism in substitution for resources. In terms of its economic impact, the 9/11 attacks exacerbated the defects already observed seen in the global economy in 2001. Abadie and Gardeazabal (2008) state that before the terrorist attacks, great economic depression in the United States had already increased unemployment and equally revealed global total demand fell on the back of weakness in the United States economy. Based on purchaser and merchant surveys, demonstrated decline in the overall confidence measured in the United States due to 9/11 attacks, and in other countries with similar in extent measure. Therefore, counter-terrorism procedures are required in order to settl e the social, cultural and governmental panic caused by terrorism. As the result of the terrorism has destroyed the whole world economical conditions, if the society and the government want to return to the regular path and operation, counter-terrorism can be the only solution. Terrorism not only causes social problems, but inevitably aggravates international stability. That is why security is to encourage by governments to improve counter-terrorism in seven different methods: Development of terrorist detailed databases and relevant intelligence gathering; Creation and use of third-force, by means of build special military units, or Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams to deal with terrorist cases (Branscomb, 2004); Countries should signing and complete of new treaties; Adequate use and development of anti-terrorist technologies; Extended use of counter-terrorism intelligence and justice; Signing and implement of new laws in violation of national and international terrorism (Boulden, 2009); Keep suspected terrorists and their supporters under su rveillance. Therefore, governments could built an anti-terrorism systems; such a system brings together advanced and diverse and technologies, reconnaissance missions, persistent intelligence and surveillance, to potential actions. Another valuable way to defeat terrorism is by refusing resources to the terrorists. As Sandler and Enders (2004) emphasized, it is more productive to deny terrorists resources of financing, support groups, weapons, propaganda, recruits and intelligence. Rather than trying to protect wealth at risk which is extraordinarily hard or impossible in view of the extremely large amount of purpose and substitute possibilities. With use these ways to resist terrorism will control the terrorist activities in actuality or potency. The scope of international cooperation and mutual support should range from local law enforcement and first responders to corporations, states and regions, up to and including nations and international organizations. For example, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is an institution that combats terrorism at the international level that includes Russia, China, and the central Asia republics, sharing intelligence and has a training program in Bishkek (Intriligator, 2009). Another suggestion has been the collection and timely analysis of superior intelligence, both human and technologically be captured. Although the aims of counter terrorism require nations cooperation, government agencies lack for a common definition of the term terrorism. Thus, there have some of the perplexities that impede effectively counter-terrorism, these include the lacking of cooperation; not only between countries that may have helpful terrorist information, but also among state agencies who have an intere st in monitoring terrorism. Mass of these entities are refuse to share information to each other, especially secret intelligence, only when they believe that it is in their short-term political benefits. Also, countries will need to rely more on good informants. Stewar (2009) claim that the confidential nature of anti-terrorist organizations, including the inability to develop appropriate sources, and the lack of expertise in appropriate foreign languages caused many intelligence make it difficult for agencies to obtain detailed information on terrorist organizations. Therefore, states should develop a holistic national database to track suspected terrorists and to permit criminal justice to integrate the appropriate infrastructure. These plausible solutions will most definitely be useful in practicing counter-terrorism. In conclusion, counter terrorism will become an ineluctable part of our lives. Even though the immediate economic influence of the 9/11 events was devastating, consumer confidence and the stock markets recovered rapidly. Public cost on military operations and security is rising. The governments use counter-force in terms of anti-terrorism, carrying out passive sanction in reality and disincentive policy to presumptive terrorists to reduce the event of terrorism. Countries and their national security agencies must also carefully balance the personal freedoms of citizens versus that of the pursuit of terrorists. Otherwise, there would be a lot of repression and the legitimacy of the existing regime would be questionable. In reprisal of terrorist actions, there is always the possibility of collateral damage, especially when innocent civilians are detained, injury of death and when property is damaged or destroyed. Terrorist attacks will cause economic social and political panic; therefo re, every country should adopt complete policies and operations to resist terrorism, through governmental aids and international cooperation strategies. By solving the problems caused by terrorism, nationals will indubitably draw closer to a more harmonious and peaceful world. References ¼Ã… ¡ Abadie, A Gardeazabal, J 2008, Terrorism and the world economy, European Economic Review, vol. 52, pp. 1-27. Boulden, J 2009, Terrorism and civil wars, Royal Military College of Canada, vol. 11, no.1, pp.5-21. Branscomb, L 2004, Protecting civil society from terrorism: the search for a sustainable strategy, Technology in Society, vol. 26, pp. 271-285. Brown, JR, Kroszner, RS Jenn, BH 2002, Federal terrorism risk insurance, Nberworking Paper, vol. 9271. Drummond, JT 2002. How to fight terrorism: alternatives to deterrence, Defence and Peace Economics, vol. 14, pp. 237-249. Franks, J 2009, Rethinking the roots of terrorism: beyond orthodox terrorism theory-a critical research agenda, Global Society, vol. 23, No. 2, pp154-176. Intriligator, MD 2009, The economics of terrorism, Economic Inquiry, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 1-13. Lenain, P Bonturi, M V 2002 The economic consequences of terrorism, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Discussion Paper, vol. 20, pp. 22-30. Loza, W 2007, The psychology of extremism and terrorism: a Middle-Eastern perspective, Aggression and Violent Behavior, vol.12, pp.141-155. Sandler, T. and Enders, W. 2004, An economic perspective on transnational terrorism,European Journal of Political Economy, vol.20,pp.301-316. Stewar, MG 2009 , Risk-informed decision support for assessing the costs and benefits of counter-terrorism protective measures for Infrastructure, International Journal of Critical Infrastructur protection, vol. 3,pp.29-40.

The Ins and Outs of the Music Industry Essay -- Music

I propose that all unsigned rising artist should target the business side of the music industry to be successful in the entertainment business because it allows the artist to be taken seriously and make solid connections that can further his/her career. Learning the works of the music industry also enables a new artist to be further successful and profitable. Recent studies show that most new artists without professional representation and a business mindset have a slimmer chance in getting signed to major or independent labels (Lowry, 2011). Overall, the specific change needed is that unsigned artists should be concentrating on their careers as professionals and not amateurs, thus focusing on the ins and outs of the music business and how they can obtain success, generate profit, and endure longevity. Furthermore, learning the fundamentals of the music business is beneficial in many ways. If unsigned artist focused more attention on nurturing their talent to its highest potential, then their chance at reaching success would be greater. According to The Tipping Point, â€Å"The success of any kind of social epidemic is heavily dependent on the involvement of people with a particular and rare set of social gifts†. In other words, talents are needed and the only way to achieve that is if you work continuously hard. Moreover, if new artist become proficient in their talent along with hard work, then success becomes reachable and introduces the theory that, if an artist works hard then they are able to play hard. Studying this deeper, understand that as an artist, beginner or veteran, the idea for commercial success is to know your business. Realize that building a team is a number one priority; most new artist overlook this ... ...). Retrieved May 3, 2012, from About.com. Carmichael, G. (2009, may 12). The Tipping Point Part 4 and 5. Retrieved May 7, 2012, from examiner.com Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, from Itunes. Goldstein, J. (n.d.). Three Methods to Getting Openers and Supporting Slots. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from Music Biz Academy HONSBERGER, S. (2011, Janurary 19). 7 Tips For Maintaining Relationships In The Music Business. Retrieved May 7, 2012, from MusicThinkTank.com Jonny. (2008, September 24). iTunes finally opens up to unsigned acts. Retrieved may 6, 2012, from Distorted-Loop.com Kaufman, A. (2010, April 9). Pop & Hiss: The L.A Times Music Blog. Retrieved May 3, 2012. Kellie, N. (2011, February 15). Maintain a Career in Music. Retrieved May 7, 2012, from Jamplay.com Lowry, D. (2011, November 11). Why 99% of Indies Dont Get Signed. Retrieved May 02, 2012.

Finding the Ratio of Moles of Reactants in a Chemical Equation

Finding the Ratio of Moles of Reactants in a Chemical Reaction Purpose: The goal of the lab is to determine the mole ratio of two reactants in a chemical reaction (AgNO3 and K2CrO4). However, the formulas for the products are unknown. Introduction: When determining the molar ratio of a chemical equation, usually the formulas of the reactants and the products are known. With that information, it is particularly easy to determine the ratio. However, since the products and the formulas for the products are unknown, another property of the reaction must be analyzed to find the ratio.This property depends on the amount of the product formed or on the amount of reactant that remains. Properties may include the color intensity due to the product, the mass of the precipitate that forms, or the volume of a gas evolved. In this experiment, the method of continuous variations will be used to determine the mole ratio of two reactants. With this method, the total number of moles of reactants is k ept constant for the series of measurements. The property that is going to be measured is the change in temperature.The temperature change, or the heat produced, will be directly proportional to the amount of reaction occurs and to the total extent of it. The optimum ratio, which is the ratio of the reactants in the balanced chemical reaction, will form the greatest amount of product, or generate the most heat, and will be key to determining the molar ratio. Corrosive liquids, which burn the skin, will be used in the experiment. When this liquid reacts with acid, a toxic gas will formed. Keep away from the gas and protect your skin and clothing.Work in a fume hood or well-ventilated lab. Wear chemical splash goggles, chemical-resistant gloves, and a chemical-resistant apron. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory. The molar ratio of the reactants is the ultimate goal of the lab. In order to achieve that, secondary observations on the temperature chan ge will have to be made and analyzed. The data and graph made after the data is attained will assist in that. Procedure: 1) Obtain 2 beakers with 175mL of NaClO in one and 175mL of â€Å"Solution B† in another. ) Measure the temperature of each and make sure they are the same. 3) Measure 5. 0mL of NaClO and 45. 0mL of â€Å"Solution B† with the appropriate graduated cylinders and add them to a Styrofoam cup. 4) Stir the solution with a thermometer, and record the max temperature reached. 5) Pour the solution out, rinse the cup, and repeat steps 1-4 using a different ratio of the two substances, keeping the total volume at 50. 0mL. 6) Continue testing various ratios until you have at least 3 measurements on either side of the peak temperature difference.Conclusion: When the formula of the products are unknown in a chemical reaction, experiments must be done to find the mole ratio of the reactants. In our experiment, we used the method of continous variations to determin e to the mole ratio of the two reactants. The property measured was the change of temperature, as indicated in the data table. The method of continous variations keeps the total number of moles of reactants constant through a series of titrations.Each titration varies the mole fraction of each reaction from mixture to mixture by adjusting the ratio of NaClO to Na2SO3, which is also indicated in the data table. Theoretically, the maximum temperature change occurs when teh mole fraction of the reactants is closest to the actual stoichiometric mole ratio, which signals the mole ratio based on the mole fraction in the titration. According to the analysis, the mole ratio is 1:2 in the order of NaClO to Na2SO3.This ratio was concluded by the graph, in which the lines of best fit were extrapolated to intersect at the optimum ratio point. However, there was room for error when measuring the liquids in each titration. The measurements weren't always exact which could affect the change in tem perature. Also, when measuring the temperature it might not have been exact due to inconsistent stirring. Nonetheless, the goal of the lab was to find the mole ratio of the two reactants and it was concluded to be 1:2.

Robinson Crusoe Essays (2024 words) - English-language Films

Robinson Crusoe Essays (2024 words) - English-language Films Robinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe is credited with writing the first long fiction novel in literary history. Drawing from established literary genres such as the guide and providence traditions and the spiritual biography, Defoe endeavored to illustrate the life of a man who tempted Providence to his ruine (Defoe 13) and the consequences of such actions. While stranded alone on an island the character of Robinson Crusoe seems to have a religious epiphany about the role of Providence in his life and resolves to live in accordance with God's will. However, Crusoe's internal reflections throughout his narrative and his actions do not correlate, causing the reader to question the validity of this conversion. By examining the plot and the process of psychological change Crusoe undergoes, it becomes apparent that he experiences and accepts divine control but that control can only be realized in the free context he has himself created (359). When push comes to shove, Crusoe reverts to human instinct and his own impulses rather than what he perceives to be the will of Providence. Crusoe uses his newfound religion only when convenient and as a means to justify his actions and an acceptable reason for everything unfortunate that happens. When he finally does leave the island and returns to society, Crusoe's faith is tested and fails miserably, with practically no mention of Providence towards the end of the story. At the beginning of the novel, Crusoe introduces himself and establishes that his narrative is a memoir of sorts, and is told while looking through more experienced, wise eyes than when he originally experienced his story. This is important to note, because his discourse is shaded with hindsight and interpreted through a mind that has come to accept Providence's hand in his life. For example, when the Turks capture Crusoe and he is enslaved, he reflects by saying, now the Hand of Heaven had overtaken me, and I was undone without Redemption. But alas! This was but a Taste of the Misery I was to go thro' (15). Because Crusoe is recalling the events from memory, as well as the lack of input from any other characters, his reliability can be questioned as a narrator. An unreliable narrator is one who may be in error in his or her understanding or report of things and who thus leaves readers without the guides needed for making judgements. For this reason, the reality of Crusoe's religious conversion later in the novel can be questioned as well as his interpretation of events. Crusoe begins by telling about his defiance of his father's wishes and advice. Crusoe's father advises him not to go to sea and suffer the same fate as his brother, now dead, and pursue a life in the Middle of two Extremes, between the Mean and the Greatto have neither poverty or riches (5). This ideal is reminiscent of Puritanism and its doctrine that discouraged the pursuit of wealth and power. Crusoe was sincerely affected with this Discourse, which was truly Prophetick (6), but its effects wore all off of him and he goes to sea anyway, seeking fortune and adventure. This action proves later to be very consistent with Crusoe's character, as he repeatedly is affected by the great, life-changing events in a spiritual sense, but with time these effects seem to wear off. This event is also colored as Crusoe's original sin, as none of the terrible events that happen later would have occurred if he had followed his father's advice. After an interesting chain of events, Crusoe finds himself shipwrecked upon an island while making a voyage to buy slaves. While trying to make sense of his condition, he falls very ill and cries out to God, Lord look upon me, Lord pity on me, Lord have Mercy upon me (64). Crusoe makes this first attempt at a relationship with God while in a very dire situation, not during his everyday life, making his religion that of convenience. Crusoe has a dream while ill and after experiencing an earthquake, seeing a terrible man descend from the heavens, declaring, Seeing all these Things have not brought thee to Repentance, now thou shalt die (65). This passage sounds quite like a Puritan sermon, with its

Surface Tension Definition in Chemistry

Surface Tension Definition in Chemistry Surface Tension Definition Surface tension is a physical property equal to the amount of force per unit area necessary to expand the surface of a liquid.  It is the tendency of a fluid surface to occupy the smallest possible surface area.  Surface tension is a principal factor in capillary  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹action.  The addition of substances called surfactants can reduce the surface tension of a liquid. For example, adding detergent to water decreases its surface tension. While pepper sprinkled on water floats, pepper sprinkled on water with detergent will sink.Surface tension forces are due to intermolecular forces between the liquids molecules at the liquids outer boundaries. The units of surface tension are either energy per unit area or force per unit length. Examples of Surface Tension Surface tension allows some insects and other small animals, which are denser than water, to walk across its surface without sinking.The rounded shape of water droplets on a surface is due to surface tension.Tears of wine form rivulets on the glass of an alcoholic beverage (not just wine) due to the interaction between the different surface tension values of ethanol and water and the faster evaporation of alcohol compared with water.Oil and water separate because of the tension between two dissimilar liquids. In this case, the term is interface tension, but it is simply a type of surface tension between two liquids. How Surface Tension Works At the interface between a liquid and the atmosphere (usually air), the liquid molecules are more attracted to each other than they are to the air molecules. In other words, the force of cohesion is greater than the force of adhesion. Because they two forces are not in balance, the surface may be considered to be under tension, like if it was enclosed by an elastic membrane (hence the term surface tension. The net effect of cohesion versus adhesion is that there is an inward force at the surface layer. This is because the top layer of a molecule is not surrounded by liquid on all sides. Water has an especially high surface tension because water molecules are attracted to each other by their polarity and able to engage in hydrogen bonding.

buy custom Career Development essay

buy custom Career Development essay Human resource management plays a core role in promoting the performance of an organization or business. Managers involved are tasked with developing strategies that aim at making good use of available human resources to realize good results economically. As such, their efforts augment the positive impact within the business environment and society. It is therefore, well known that human resource managers work towards identifying the needs of an organization, hiring the correct people and managing them in the most appropriate way. Aside from this, the human resource management oversees career development processes for its employees to equip them with furnished skills for better performance and meet changing needs of the organization (Strandberg, 2009). How do human resource managers achieve this? One of these ways is the creation of alternative career paths for employees. This incorporates the skills of employees with what they desire to do or become. In other words, managers go-ahead to discover the passion and dreams of its employees in order to address their needs (Strandberg, 2009). By so doing, employees are able to have a positive attitude towards their jobs. As part of career development, human resource managers also engage in cross-training of employees. This involves teaching employees new skills that fall outside of their job requirements, which allows workers to perform other duties whenever the need arises. Additionally, job rotation creates opportunities for employees to do different jobs within the same organization for the purpose of realizing set goals and objectives. Other ways in which human resource managers help employees to develop their careers include career coaching, flextime,job enlargement, job enrichment, job sharing, and phased retirement among oth ers (Strandberg, 2009). Reflecting on my career development, I see myself in a higher management position in five years to come. This is best on the commitment of the company to empower employees through different programmes of career development. The best way to be assisted in career development is by knowing individual career opportunities and recommended paths leading to such destinations. Through training, counseling and other methods mentioned above, it is possible to realize one's reasonable career development. With current career development opportunities, I believe that they will be sufficient for my needs. Buy custom Career Development essay

Philosophy-Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophy-Business Ethics - Essay Example Social Justice on the other hand deals with the premise that along with equal opportunity, there are certain obligations from the state or the market economy to ensure that people from different classes of society are given equal chances or a leveling process wherein equality is enforced. In Rawls conception of equality, things like Affirmative action play a prominent role and he is all for such uplifting measures to ensure a level playing field. Kristol on the other hand is blind to the entry level attributes and believes that once equal opportunity is provided, it is up to each individual to make the most of the chances that they have got. Thus the distinction here is between the conditions that are necessary for people to participate equally and then once they start the race, the differential factors that come into play. I tend to agree with Rawls in his conception of Social Justice as Capitalism in its present form is neither compassionate nor conscious and hence what is needed is a conception of justice that is rooted in the being of sanity and fairness. Kristol’s essay scratches the surface of conceptions of justice whereas Rawls’s piece goes deeper and tries to address the core question of justice and its social components. 2) Maitland’s claim that is directly addressed by Cuilla is the one about workers being informed enough to take free choices. Classical liberal standard: Finally, there is what I will call the classical liberal standard. According to this standard a practice (wage or labor practice) is ethically acceptable if it is freely chosen by informed workers. Most business ethicists reject this standard on the grounds that there is some sort of market failure or the "background conditions" are lacking for markets to work effectively. Thus, for Donaldson full (or near-full) employment is a prerequisite if workers are to make sound choices regarding workplace safety. Cuilla’s contention is that unlike what people in the

Surveillance and Privacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Surveillance and Privacy - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that technology had apparently dominated the various area of business, communication, transportation, and even surveillance. Specifically, the application of technology for security purposes is continuously improving and evolving. As such, surveillance devices have been paired with telecommunication to efficiently accomplish military and civilian operations with ease and accuracy. One good example of tracking device that is being used today is the Global Positioning System (GPS) that provide users with precise timing, positioning, and navigation while using satellites to determine its location. On one hand, a beeper, also known as a pager is a good example of telecommunication device that augments chances for fast-tracking and forecasting by receiving a radio signal to initiate the process. Although GPS and beeper share a common goal for speedier connection, these two devices when paired together would be a valuable tool for surveillance an d in assisting security personnel for military operations. Moreover, as the technology of fast-tracking and navigation advances, several issues and controversy rose as to how GPS should be properly handled without violating individual’s right to privacy. Although GPS data have given much consideration in the criminal investigation, there are US states that did not consent the use of tracking devices like GPS to vehicles owned by suspected criminals or ordinary citizens without any warrant.

Chapter 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Chapter 4 - Essay Example Most clients who are interested in different adverts online will depend on the information that is provided by these companies to float their adverts. The information provided gives them an opportunity to understand the regions and durations when the adverts should ne floated. There are a.lso cellular providers that have now gotten into data mining. The signals amongst the best stations and the cellular users can be used to market products that are directed to specific phone users. The calling records are projected to be one of the assets to various marketers. However, it will depend on the possibility of the customers browsing the web and accessing some sites to purchase products online. Analysis of the market is necessary given that the company finds an opportunity to understand what the customers are likely to consume and at what quantities and durations. There are four main users of data mining to marketers currently, which includes; acquisition of the customers, analysis of the basket market, analyze customer abandonment and finally to enhance customer retention and

What are some of the techniques or processes that can be employed to Essay

What are some of the techniques or processes that can be employed to evaluate health policy as opposed to evaluating a specific health intervention - Essay Example Grossly, there are three types’ measures which are used for evaluation (Gilson et al, 1975). They include ‘measures of structure, measures of process and measure of outcomes’. Measures of structure and process evaluate the strategies behind the policy while the measures of outcome assess the effects of the policy on the affected population. Community participation in the evaluation of any health policy is of prime importance and deliberative approaches when used by the concerned authorities are successful in yielding information which leads to the development of effective and appropriate modifications in any health programme (Gregory et al, 2008). A specific health intervention which has definite end points like the success of Polio immunization can be simply evaluated by taking the total figures of immunization doses administered (process measure) and demonstrable data of less occurrence of Polio (outcome measure) (Gilson et al, 1975). On the other hand more comp licated policies like evaluating the outcome of preventive strategies for Alzheimer’s disease might need more through data collection, research and analysis. Evaluation of a health programme involves the general processes like audit and quality assurance to determine whether predetermined standards have been met (Bowling, 2002). It may be directly focussed on patients in relation to treatment and care, evaluation of specific biochemical indicators or on the measurement of broader quality of life of the patients. Outcome of medical interventions from social, psychological, physical and economic perspectives are measured (Bowling, 2002). Gregory J., Hartz-Karp J. & Watson R (2008) Using deliberative techniques to engage the community in policy development, Australia and New Zealand Health Policy 2008, 5:16, retrieved online September 17, 2009 from

Discuss the rationale and impact of the decision on company law Essay - 1

Discuss the rationale and impact of the decision on company law - Essay Example The case and its subsequent ruling were significant in informing successive laws that would help mitigate on the numerous dispute arising from business engagement. The doctrine of corporate identity for example exempts the shareholders of an insolvent company from any case by creditors since the company becomes the defendant in such cases. Mr. Aron Salomon ran a successful shoe manufacturing in the United Kingdom. The boot manufacturing business was a major success thus enticing his sons who expressed interest in joining the business. As such, Mr. Salomon turned his business into a limited company, which then purchased his previous business at a cost of  £39,000. Mr. Salomon became the company’s largest shareholder after he purchased 20,001 shares of the company’s 20,007 shares. Additionally, he loaned the company  £10,000. Unfortunately, subsequent years became unfavorable for the business thus causing massive loses for the company. The government, which was the company’s major customer, withdrew its tender thereby leading to a massive decline of the company’s revenue. The company therefore began defaulting on the  £10,000 debenture it owed Salmon. Half of the debenture belonged to Broderip who the sued the company thus forcing the government to put the company under liquidation. The company paid Broderip his  £5,000 but this left the company at an unstable position since it could not pay the other unsecured creditors. The company failed to reimburse the unsecured creditors. The liquidator concluded that the government should not honor the floating charge. Such an action would make Salmon personally responsible for the debt. Salmon contested the decision in court thus instigating a lengthy court battle that would reform the country’s company law. At the end of the length court cases that ended up at the House of Lords, the lawmakers appreciated the fact that a company is independent and therefore a separate legal entity. In cases

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Business Ethics - Essay Example It is now again trying to sell itself inviting offers from Qwest and Verizon, both of who are also recovering from debts. They are trying to outbid others and making promises which they may not be able to maintain as business deteriorates. This is again a matter of concern because ethics are compromised under such circumstances. The Corporate Governance norms were violated at WorldCom, which is unexpected of the Directors and the CEO. Over ambitiousness of the CEO to acquire several companies with the stocks of WorldCom led him to boost the company’s profits artificially by as much as $3.9 billion (Bhattacharya, 2004). Costs were considered as capital investment which helped the company to sustain its apparently smooth and rapid earning growth. They even claimed depreciation of the ‘capital investments’. The behavior of the CEO and the CFO were the driving forces behind the unethical conduct. The CEO utilized the company loan of $400 million to buy ranches and other personal properties, which is unethical. He used the services of the CFO to ensure rising stock prices so that his personal stake would provide the security for the loan. They hid the information from the external auditor. Additionally, the big names in auditing and accounting have failed to detect the irregularities or to gu ide the firms. This would amount to hidden complicity between the auditors and WorldCom. The audit committee did not have a financial expert. Besides, they had the sole authority to appoint, retain, compensate, evaluate and terminate the company’s independent auditors (Petra, 2006). WorldCom had crumbled because of its unethical practices. MCI on the other hand was reputed for its â€Å"integrity, innovation and value† (Thurston, 2007). WorldCom’s name was changed to MCI as a part of the reorganization plan filed in the bankruptcy court in US. According to the executive vice-president, they wanted to re-establish

What are some of the techniques or processes that can be employed to Essay

What are some of the techniques or processes that can be employed to evaluate health policy as opposed to evaluating a specific health intervention - Essay Example Grossly, there are three types’ measures which are used for evaluation (Gilson et al, 1975). They include ‘measures of structure, measures of process and measure of outcomes’. Measures of structure and process evaluate the strategies behind the policy while the measures of outcome assess the effects of the policy on the affected population. Community participation in the evaluation of any health policy is of prime importance and deliberative approaches when used by the concerned authorities are successful in yielding information which leads to the development of effective and appropriate modifications in any health programme (Gregory et al, 2008). A specific health intervention which has definite end points like the success of Polio immunization can be simply evaluated by taking the total figures of immunization doses administered (process measure) and demonstrable data of less occurrence of Polio (outcome measure) (Gilson et al, 1975). On the other hand more comp licated policies like evaluating the outcome of preventive strategies for Alzheimer’s disease might need more through data collection, research and analysis. Evaluation of a health programme involves the general processes like audit and quality assurance to determine whether predetermined standards have been met (Bowling, 2002). It may be directly focussed on patients in relation to treatment and care, evaluation of specific biochemical indicators or on the measurement of broader quality of life of the patients. Outcome of medical interventions from social, psychological, physical and economic perspectives are measured (Bowling, 2002). Gregory J., Hartz-Karp J. & Watson R (2008) Using deliberative techniques to engage the community in policy development, Australia and New Zealand Health Policy 2008, 5:16, retrieved online September 17, 2009 from

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Business Ethics - Essay Example It is now again trying to sell itself inviting offers from Qwest and Verizon, both of who are also recovering from debts. They are trying to outbid others and making promises which they may not be able to maintain as business deteriorates. This is again a matter of concern because ethics are compromised under such circumstances. The Corporate Governance norms were violated at WorldCom, which is unexpected of the Directors and the CEO. Over ambitiousness of the CEO to acquire several companies with the stocks of WorldCom led him to boost the company’s profits artificially by as much as $3.9 billion (Bhattacharya, 2004). Costs were considered as capital investment which helped the company to sustain its apparently smooth and rapid earning growth. They even claimed depreciation of the ‘capital investments’. The behavior of the CEO and the CFO were the driving forces behind the unethical conduct. The CEO utilized the company loan of $400 million to buy ranches and other personal properties, which is unethical. He used the services of the CFO to ensure rising stock prices so that his personal stake would provide the security for the loan. They hid the information from the external auditor. Additionally, the big names in auditing and accounting have failed to detect the irregularities or to gu ide the firms. This would amount to hidden complicity between the auditors and WorldCom. The audit committee did not have a financial expert. Besides, they had the sole authority to appoint, retain, compensate, evaluate and terminate the company’s independent auditors (Petra, 2006). WorldCom had crumbled because of its unethical practices. MCI on the other hand was reputed for its â€Å"integrity, innovation and value† (Thurston, 2007). WorldCom’s name was changed to MCI as a part of the reorganization plan filed in the bankruptcy court in US. According to the executive vice-president, they wanted to re-establish

The Latino population in the US Essay Example for Free

The Latino population in the US Essay The Latino population that reside in the US have several cultural beliefs and values which are very important for the US Healthcare delivery system to understand and take into account. The policy makers should be aware of the various cultural characteristics that the Latino population develops. Family relationships form a very important part of the Hispanic culture, and frequently it is found that the Latin population would be staying together in the US as a very strong family. Hence, the entire family would be taking strong care of the pregnant women and her child. The family members would be advising the mother to sleep well, consume a nutritious diet and take a relaxing walk. The family members would be preventing the pregnant woman from smoking, doing heavy exercises, consuming alcohol and using medications. Pregnant women are given a lot of respect in the Latino culture and during this period a lot of care is given to them. The Hispanics consider pregnancy to be a very normal phenomenon. They would be frequently seeking prenatal management and the healthcare units. However, they also feel that pregnancy does not require any kind of extra-ordinary treatment. During the pregnancy the mother is given want she craves to eat, as they feel that any refusal would result in the baby developing birthmarks. The mother is given several traditional teas to reduce the pain that develops during labor. The mother is not allowed to move around during an eclipse as the baby is at a high-risk of developing cleft lip and cleft palate. The pregnant women would be considering putting a red band around her waist to prevent the baby from developing cleft lip or cleft palate. Usually, the pregnant woman’s mother or the mother-in-law would be available to the pregnant woman during her pregnancy as a supportive measure. The pregnant woman is also advised to walk during the period as the baby in the womb is bound to stick to the wall of the uterus. Medical interventions such as medications administration are not advisable during their pregnancy. The mother would approach the healthcare unit for nursing care late during the labor stage. During the postpartum period, the mother is given certain Home remedies known as ‘purgantes’, which effectively prevent the development of postpartum depression. The woman is advised to take adequate rest during the nursing period and is also expected to take care of the child (Hawaii Community College, 2005). In the US, about 54 % of the Hispanic elders belong to the Mexican groups; about 14 % belong to the Cuban, and the remaining to the other Spanish-speaking nations. About 5 %of all the Hispanic Americans belong to the elder’s age group, as on in the year 1990. However, with an increase in the life span, and more number of migrations to the US, there is an increase in the Hispanic elder group in the US. About one-fifth of the elders belonging to the Hispanic group are living below the poverty line. They are facing a lot of discrimination due to the social and economic status, poor education levels, high unemployment rates, lack of security, etc. They are deprived of proper healthcare facilities and a majority of them do not have insurance coverage. About 28 % of the Hispanic elders have a very poor health status. About 85 % had a long-standing health problem and about half of them were not able to function properly due to disease. Studies have shown that the health problems begin earlier in the Hispanic groups compared to the White population. The life span of the Hispanic groups is between 55 to 60 years. They visit the physician only if the health problem becomes severe or life threatening. They do not believe in preventive medicine. Although the elders require institutional care, about 10 % are institutionalized. This is about 23 % in the White population. One reason for low institutionalized rates is because the children provide care for the parents in their old age as per the customs and traditions. Many of the Hispanic elders receive home care even in the dying stages of life. The family ties with elders are quite high compared to the White population. The children would be offering economic and financial help to the elders. Besides, socially, the Hispanic communities respect the elders, and many positive interactions are generated between the community members and the elders. Even widows and widowers are given a lot of support by their family members, and this would help them (Socrates, 2007). The Hispanic populations are experiencing several problems in the US arising from disability and lack of provision of education. Poor research has been done by the healthcare authorities in the US, to understand the health needs of the disabled Hispanic population and providing them with adequate rehabilitative services. NGOs and governmental organizations have not collaborated in an effort to provide an efficient network to help the disabled Hispanic population. The problems that the Hispanic disabled population are facing are much similar to that of the other ethnic minority groups. Their socio-economic situation may be very poor and their living conditions may be very bad indeed. Educational levels and the lifestyle may be detrimental to their health needs. Many of the disabled children may leave school, as they are unable to manage their problems. In the US, about 20 % of the Hispanic population are disabled. The Hispanic disabled groups are not provided with proper rehabilitative, educational, vocational, or health services. A lot of research needs to be conducted by the health authorities to determine their health needs, and accordingly develop a system that could aid them. The outcome of rehabilitative services for the disabled should be improved. Factors that result in a poor outcome should be identified and addressed appropriately. Language and cultural barriers also need to be addressed. Healthcare professionals need to become more culturally competent. Professionals belonging to the Hispanic populations should be recruited in the healthcare system to help disabled individuals. A social network should be formed which could help the disabled populations. Besides, educational and vocational training programs should also be organized (Wong-Hernandez, 1997). Hence, it can be found that at present the Hispanic population is not utilizing the US healthcare system extensively to solve their health problems. Their health status at the moment is very poor and their health needs are high. The health department should develop a strong health policy that could help the Hispanic population with special needs. Healthcare personnel who are culturally competent should be employed. They should be able to interact in the local language and also understand their problems, beliefs, values and attitudes. This would give the Hispanic population greater confidence in the healthcare system and utilize it more frequently. This would also help to improve their health status and subsequently lead to increased use of preventive and family medicine. References: Arons, B. Chavez, N. (2001, January), Cultural Competence Standards in Managed Care Mental Health Services: Four Underserved/Underrepresented Racial/Ethnic Groups, Retrieved on July, 24, 2007, from SAMHSA Web site: http://mentalhealth. samhsa. gov/publications/allpubs/SMA00-3457/intro. asp Griggs, Shirley, and Dunn, R. (1995). Hispanic-American Students and Learning Style. Emergency Librarian 23 (2, Nov-Dec): 11-16. http://library. adoption. com/education/hispanic-american-students-and-learning-style/article/4281/1. html Hawaii Community College (2005), Hispanic, Retrieved on July 24, 2007, from Hawaii Community College Web site: http://www. hawcc. hawaii. edu/nursing/RNHispanic_04. html National Alliance for Hispanic Health, Duran, D. G. , Reyes, C. , Villarruel, A. , Brana-Lopez, A. R. , Gomez, P. , Mora, J. , Paz, J. (2001). Quality Health Services for Hispanics: The Cultural Competency Component. DHHS, no. 99-21. ftp://ftp. hrsa. gov/hrsa/QualityHealthServicesforHispanics. pdf Purves, H. (2003), Cultural Factors the Health of North Carolina Latinos. North Carolina Institute of Medicine Web site: http://www. nciom. org/projects/latino/latinopub/C3. pdf Socrates (2007), Hispanic American Elderly, Retrieved on July 24, 2007, from Socrates Web site: http://socrates. berkeley. edu/~aging/ModuleMinority2. html Wong-Hernandez, L. (1997), Building Networks in the Latino Community: A Mechanism for Empowerment, Retrieved on July 24, 2007, from San Jose State University Foundation Web site: http://www. dinf. ne. jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/ada_e/pres_com/pres-dd/lucywong. htm

The Global Promotion Strategies Of Nescafe Marketing Essay

The Global Promotion Strategies Of Nescafe Marketing Essay Nestle, the largest confectionary, nutrition and Food Company in the world. Nescafe is one of its renowned brands in the business of traditional hot and cold energizing solubles like coffee and is available almost in every part of the world in different forms and variants. It was named as one of the top 100 brands of the world by Bloomberg business week (Top 100 Brands of 2008, 2008). Today, its offerings are available in 32 countries including France, China, Canada, Pakistan, India, UK, USA and others(Nescafà ©, 2010). Nescafes Global Strategy Nescafe has build a strong brand equity through the use of aggressive marketing strategies globally. Each country/regions Nescafe forms its own strategy to effectively target its audience and generate sales accordingly for the profitability and growth of the company. It is for this reason that some variants are designed and marketed to cater to the needs of that particular segment of the market.It has been noted that Nescafe as a brand is in a intermediary phase from being an exclusive utilitarian comsuption product when it used to be just an instant coffee to becoming more of a product with hedonic consumption when it started to create and sell different blends in different markets. Each variant has its own specific feature and personality to add value to the brand under the same name.The company aims at providing products to consumers wherever, whenever and however is required. Nescafe focuses on the coffee tradition and its historical value. Nescafes global brand personality can be sincere, down-to-earth, warm and honest and excitement related to friendly, youth and energy however it can be just one of the two mentioned above or a mix of both depending upon the target market and the variation. Target Market, Promotion Strategies and Media Nescafe has different target market for its different variants. In the UK, the target market is young adult consumers aged between 20-35 of middle and upper class who have lived with consumption soft drinks and energy drinks like redbull. To capture that market, Nescafe along with its advertising agency decided on building consumer trust and develop work showing lenghts that Nescafe users will go to stay away from other substitute goods. A 360 degree campaign was designed which was launched with a TVC, billboards, radio ads, posters, magazines, news paper and many other medias. In India, with its different variants, is leveraging to vast consumer base and cateting to all segments of the market. The market has been divided on the basis of geographic regions like North, South, East and West, psychographics and demographics. The strategy however has been to focus on values and low-key market penetration using 360 degree promotion campaign. The Greek market was consuming the traditional Greek Coffee which was served in a tiny cup and with a glass of cold water intended to be drunk first. Nescafe captured this opportunity to grab the market share by introducing its Nescafe Frappe in the Greek Market that change habit of the Greek coffee drinkers. It has been heavily marketed to the target audience aged between 17-30 using clever visuals to show a trendy world of partying and dancing including a stylish living for the younger generation. (Butler, 1988) . With a deal with MTV to launch a style campaign for the new generation of consumers aged between 16-24 years old, Nescafe has decided to relaunch the brand with a $30 Million global campaign. Nescafe has been working on targeting its market through the use of interactive youth oriented websites Nescafe Live where consumer will exchange ideas and information regarding images and videos aimed at 16-24 years old consumers of the global market. In Australia, the marketing mix is aimed at targeting diverse market segments of all age groups. For the young adult cafà © culture segment, they offer their range of latte with a sponsoring campaigns like Nescafe Short Film Awards Win the Nescafe Latte Lounge of which teaser and TVCs were created. Also, a website was created for information regarding products, competitions and events. Marketing Communication Agencies Nescafes lead global agencies are McCann Erickson Publicis Mojo while also have MindShare as their global media creative Agency (Jain, 2007). These global agencies have either affliations with local agencies in different countries or have their own subsidaries. Thus, the affliated agencies or the subsidaries become the local agencies of their clients and work with their global partner to create a universal image, perception and equity of the brand. Like the local agency in Sweden for Nescafe is Storakers McCann which is affliated with McCann Erikson while in Pakistan its Orient McErikson. In France, it is Publicis Conseil which has affliation with Publicis Mojo. Importance of Advertising for Nescafe Advertising for Nescafe is important to create positive feeling and attitude of consumers towards the brand which will eventually lead to purchase. Advertising plays a vital part in communicating a competitive advantage and to make consumers feel that the product suits their requirements and has the same personality as theirs. Due to factors like culture and differences in attitudes and behaviors in each country/region that has its own beverage used as stimulant or energizers. Like in some regions its tree and in others its green tea or coffee. Thus, to capture the non-coffee drinking markets, it is essential to aggresively advertise the energizing and stimulating effects of coffee. The red color of the mug is used to emphasize the energy of the drink while red suits to project that state of mind. Nescafe has a very diversified base of consumers belonging to different personalities which have different cultures and tradition and coffee just might not be a part of any of it. It is through advertising that they can create value for customers. For the same reason, Nescafe with the help of local agencies creates offerings based on consumers attitudes, personalities, and behavior and the culture and tradition of that country/region while keeping a broader global brand image, conviction and positioning. If Nescafe just had a global agency responsible for creating and designing products and brands and market them to the global market at large, it would fail to effectively communicate with the customers or to create a competitive advantage in the markets due to the diversified consumer base as needs, attitudes, culture, behaviours and many other factors of consumers choice and preference differ from region to region and coutnry to country. Thus, a balance has to be maintained between the local market perspective and the global outlook as well for the success of the brand and company(Amanda, n.d.). Recommendation To be able to capture and grab the market share of different markets, Nescafe should be associated with the current agencies in order to create offerings using both global and local perspective. However, their promotional strategy should not completely be diverted towards the coffee drinkers of future and should carry out activities for the adults and old-age consumers as well. The use of 360 degree marketing campaigns is a very effective way of reaching out to the target consumers which should be carried on further.

Comparing the Poetry of Lanston Hughes and Countee Cullen Essay

Comparing the Poetry of Lanston Hughes and Countee Cullen Upon first glance the differences between Hughes and Cullen seem very clear. Hughes writes in rhythm, while Cullens writes in rhyme, but those are just the stylistic differences. Hughes and Cullen may write poems in a different style but they both write about similar themes. The time they wrote in was during the Harlem Renaissance, a time period when African Americans were discovering their heritage and trying to become accepted in the once white dominated society. The African Americans had their own cultures and their own style of music and writing but they wanted everyone to know they were still human, that they were still American, even though the differences in color were apparent. During this era African Americans were facing the challenges of accepting their heritage or ignoring outright to claim a different lifestyle for their day to day lives. Hughes and Cullen wrote poems that seemed to describe themselves, or African Americans, who had accepted their African Heritage and who also wanted to be a part of American heritage as well. These are some of the things they have in common, as well as what is different about them based on appearance, now I shall focus on each author individually and talk about how they are different afterwards. Lanston Hughes focuses more on rhythm then on rhyme, for example, the poem "The Weary Blues" reads like a blues song, which is what the poem is about. "Mother to Son" is a conversation a mother has to a child about what era life has been, and that no matter how hard life may seem, one should never give up climbing the "stairs". The poem seems to shift from good English to Black English and then back again, which to me shows... ... different authors from two different ways of life could write poems in different styles about the same topics. Hughes with his blues infused poems and Cullen's with his "Negro spirit and Christian upbringing" (Ferguson), both of these men inspired hundreds of people and their work can still make an impact on those that read it. It sure did for me. I recommend these poems to anyone, and I hope that everyone can enjoy and appreciate them as much as I have. Works Cited Tracy, Steven C. Langston Hughes & The Blues. Illinois, 1988. Ferguson, Blanche E. Countee Cullen and the Negro Renaissance. New York, 1066 About Countee Cullen's Life. 21 Mar. 2001. Modern American Poetry. 11 Nov. 2003 http://www.poets.org/poets/poets.cfm?prmID=84 Langston Hughes. Apr 3, 2002. Poets.org 11 Nov. 2003 http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/cullen/life.htm

Virtues Of My Life: Order, Courage, Patience :: essays research papers

Virtues of My Life: Order, Courage, Patience In order to survive in 1996, there need to be at least some standards and goals of morality in a person's life. Moral excellence is definitely hard to achieve, but is definitely something to attempt. Personally, there are many distractions and obstructions the present day provides, creating a difficulty of direction in my own life. I need to overcome obstacles such as peer pressure in order to become a confident, successful person. The present day provides impediments which I believe I can overcome by way of morality and virtue. Order, courage, patience, and faith are all virtues necessary for personal achievement in my life. The first virtue I have chosen is order. In agreement with Russell Kirk, I also believe that "order is the path we follow, or the pattern by which we live with purpose and meaning." Order is something that directs in our everyday lives, a working condition we cannot live without. Without order there is chaos, and with chaos there is room for little virtue. Order is important because it provides life with stability and direction. As an example of a personal order, the school schedule which governs my academic studies is a type of order, setting specifics of where and when I should be. Order helps in my life if I am able and willing to create a schedule for each day, specifically stating when I should be doing what. If I can achieve order in my own life, worries and concerns will be eliminated by means of order that will easily become habit. Russell Kirk also states, "Order is the first need of the soul. It is not possible to love what one ought to love, unless we recognize some principles of order by which to govern ourselves." Because of the needs of our soul, I again agree with Russell Kirk that religion, morality itself, and our everyday feelings are derivatives of order. Nothing can be achieved without some sort of order, but we must first recognize that the things we desire can be achieved only by gaining order. Order is truly the first need of human life. Courage is the second virtue I have chosen. Courage is a virtue needed to conquer fear or despair. The virtue of courage is important because it can be applied in numerous situations. If people possess courage, they can be strong and stable in situations where they might feel uncomfortable. Since there are many things in life which are stressful and unfamiliar, such as apprehension of the first day on a job, first day at a new school, or what you

Science and Society

Science and Society Is life fact or fiction? One could look at science and society in the same manner. Meaning that there is an ideal subject, one subject could be the truth and one could be deception. Science, in my opinion, is the truth. For example, science is based on facts and numbers and figures, these never deter from the truth if correctly applied in their own fields of study. The term for society states that it is a group of people who shape their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish their group from other groups.Society can take a number of shapes and forms and it is never the same in any place in the world, politics and economy differ yet society is unified as a whole in the larger spectrum. Lewis Thomas (â€Å"Alchemy†), George Orwell (â€Å"What Is Science? †), Carl Sagan (â€Å"Why We Need to Understand Science†), and Lawrence Krauss (â€Å"School Boards Want to ‘Teach to the Controversy. ’ What Controversy? † have different points of views in each of their understandings of science and society, yet one thing that sticks out in their essays as a related is that society in some way, shape, or form should be informed and open to more knowledge of the sciences.Carl Sagan’s’ (â€Å"Why We Need to Understand Science†) was one of my favorite pieces due to the fact that he did in his own opinions and views yet what stuck out in my mind is that he added data and facts into his piece. I believe his piece best describes science as his primary term because he is trying to get people to understand the importance of why society should look at science this way and why. People like numbers because they are either comforting or they make people realize something that was never really thought of before because it wasn’t as solid or tangible in their minds.He wrote his delved more into the root of the problem with society and science on both aspects. He also concluded with a sug gestion to the solution of the problem of our society’s lack of knowledge in science. Sagan preaches his point and is very to the point in all aspects of his writing although it wasn’t as logical as the other essays I think the emotion he put into his piece was what won me over because of the passion of wanted to get his point across to the readers is usually the same difference of what gets people interested in the knowledge of science.Lewis Thomas (â€Å"Alchemy†), primarily states in his essay that of the work of alchemists. He indicates that their seemingly todays silly work of trying to turn metal into gold or their secret society of alchemist did not go wasted. They actually set a lot of today’s sciences up for advancement and great lengths of achievement. Thomas made a clear and concise history of the Alchemists such as the origins being traced back to the ancient time of the Arabic, Latin, and Greek.He added the meaning of the work that Alchemists were trying to achieve such as there only being one particle in the universe that was the true meaning of existence in all shapes or forms. He also argued to downfalls of the Alchemist such as the time they spent on dead ends in their pursuit of science, all the writing and work they proposed that was written in secretive language, the bans of their work due to it being related to black magic.Yet, in many positive aspects the Alchemists did pave the way for other sciences to be studied successfully, such as physics or chemistry. This got people interested and helped to spur conversation, debate, and helped bring questions to one another to spur thought. On a very low level this work did get science in society started yet it was only amongst the scientist community. None of the work can be understood by people of normal or medial knowledge.Yet again on could argue that among certain interested parties for instance student, the subject of alchemy could be seen as an interesting subje ct, therefore the student would want to read about alchemist and then possibly see what the fuss is about and want to take a look at what works interested alchemist and would try to learn to study aspects of their work such as physics and chemistry in a broad sense. Thomas does make certain valid points yet the downfall is that this type of science would not be relatable to the masses it is above their heads.This type of science in society can almost always be only attainable to those in the field of science and only reel in a few of outsiders in society. George Orwell (â€Å"What Is Science? †), writes and essay of very profound aspects of science. For instance his piece he defines what science is and also argues the differences between sciences in my opinion for his readers to get both sides of what he is trying to describe so one can form an opinion of their own.This is the point he is trying to get across to his readers, to be able for one to form his own opinion about sc ience. Therefore they are learning and gain knowledge of the subject of science in some way shape or form. I agree with many facts of Orwell’s piece, for instance he states that anyone educated can describe to you what science may mean to them whether it’s a specific or broad term. Does the knowledge of science make one smarter than the next, not necessarily?Vice versa in the sense that someone who was less knowledgeable on science then became knowledgeable could have less intelligence about the subject than â€Å"an illiterate peasant†, or that this knowledge may do more harm than good. After this seemingly contradictory argument he contradicts himself more by stating that society should be educated in science to be able to grasp the concept of being able to possess a â€Å"rational, skeptical, experimental habit of mind. This to me means that one should have a firm grasp on the knowledge of science and be able to carry a conversation of facts data and look at science in broad and insightful aspects. I don’t think this work is as strong as Carl Sagan’s work because he is trying to please the masses and preach about two things at the same time which I feel is untruthful because he is trying to reel in a larger crowd so to speak, which I lost interest in. Lawrence Krauss (â€Å"School Boards Want to ‘Teach to the Controversy. What Controversy? †) describes how schools across the board should teach other methods of science in order for one to search for their own truth or the whole truth of their meaning of science. He relates his main subject on religion vs. science and how the church and science is constantly arguing about the fact of who is right and who is wrong about evolution, in depth the Big Bang theory or that every human is genetically related from the first organism.As interesting as Krauss’s point about science were I found his points to more centered only around the church and sciences point of view in the matter, I only dismissed it because it didn’t relate to the masses and it was a very limited piece to give readers much knowledge beyond what was stated and I could not personally gather anything out of it for my own purposes other than the ending quote which if he wrote around this subject I probably would have chosen it, To search thoroughly for the truth involves a searching of souls as well as of spectra. Then again souls are not an indefinite thing, science because it is based on facts and numbers, so in theory this does not make sense and is weaker than Carl Sagan’s piece in general because it does not really evoke thought to the reader. I think the most relatable thing between all the pieces was that amongst specific likeminded people there will always be debate and conclusions will be drawn based on their facts and that these certain societies can communicate efficiently with each other. On a larger scale society as a whole should learn more about science in order to attain basic understanding of knowledge of science.Personally I think that basic understanding of the knowledge of science is attainable and should be learned amongst society because education in America is lacking while others are racing ahead in almost every aspect of education, reading, writing, math, and science. Education should be important to everyone for the simple fact that science has gotten our society to the point it is today. Some aspects may be good and some bad for instance the good may include being able to function in an advanced society with buildings and cars, advancements in medicine allowing humans to live longer and healthier.Yet again with our advancement we also have made negative aspects for ourselves such as being able to genetically mass produce beef that goes into fast food restaurants all over the country that has made 70% of Americans obese, or the fact that because of our advancement in medicine which allow most humans to live longe r or cure them from most ailments, natural selection has come to a stop and has allowed the weaker of humans to spawn and created other like humans.I envision that I would prefer to live in a world with science rather than a primitive society, my answer is pure and simple there is nothing profound about it, this world with science is what I am used to and I wouldn’t want to change this.Perhaps in a positive light I would want to change science to further advancement science as we know it, for example finding a cure for cancer, or better yet finding out what in the brain or body creates mental illness or to add or subtract DNA from fetuses in order to create a â€Å"perfect† human one free from disease. I believe my ideas towards science would actually better society because it would benefits them in ways that would make them possibly more interest in science due to the controversy and debates it may cause.

Changes in Prisons in Twentieth Century in Britain Essay

In 20th century a lot of important changes was made in Britain prison system. A lot of crucial moves in this matter were made, which made changes to the system, and create the current system in prisons. A lot of reports and changes plans were made in this crucial for the matter period. The beginning for this period was made in 1895 with Gladstone report, which was highly critical of the current penal policy. It criticised existing regimes for ‘crushing self respect’ and ‘starving all moral instinct’. The report argued that reformation should coexist with deterrence and that rehabilitation should be given priority. Victorians focused upon repression and punishment. They used inflexible and punitive methods of control. Gladstone felt these should be replaced with more scientific methods of ‘treatment’. In addition, prison commissioners for the first time in 1898, defined the purpose of prison as the ‘humanisation of the individual’1. Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise insisted that ‘each man convicted of crime is to be regarded as an individual, as a separate entity of morality, who by the application of influences, of discipline, labour, education, moral and religious, backed up on discharge by a well organised system of patronage is capable of reinstatement in civic life’2. Weiner (1990) stated, â€Å"It is now recognised that primitive measures alone are not corrective, and effective reformation of criminals can only be attained by making our prisons true schools and moral hospitals†. Forsythe (1991) argues that new projects often fell short of the claims made for them. He says that in particular, the local and convict prisons ‘clung tenaciously to the concepts of measured punishment, moral culpability, limited deterrence and uniformly administered discipline’. It is a fact that the process of reform was often slow and not al all easy to perceive. From 1900 onwards a number of radical changes were made to the standard prison regime: 1) Unproductive labour was officially abandoned and replaced by prison industries and work considered ‘useful’, 2) The separate system was gradually eroded, allowing prisoners to work in association, 3) Education was increased and improved, 4) Internal discipline was maintained through a reward/punishment system related to the introduction of remission, 5) Specialists such as psychologists were appointed, 6) Prisoner categorisation was extended, 7) The Borstal system was introduced for juveniles, 8) A commitment to reformation became enshrined in the Prison Rule that stipulated that the purpose of imprisonment was to encourage prisoners to ‘lead a good and useful life’3, 9) During the 1930s the treadmill and arrows on convict uniforms were abolished. According to Garland (1985) the most radical reforms of this era took place outside of the prison system: 1) The introduction of the probation service, 2) Alternatives to custody emerged, 3) Construction of specialist institutions4. Garland views these major transformations as the beginnings of our current practice. Garland prefers to talk of developments in a whole realm of penality rather than prison reform5. Additionally, in 1908 Borstals6 were put on a statutory footing – implemented by Herbert Gladstone. The name Borstal comes from the village in Kent where the first Borstal scheme got its first full-scale trial. Borstals took English public schools as their model and their sentences were indeterminate. Criminals aged between 16 – 21 could be sent to Borstal for between one and three years. The prison Commission could release on licence at any time after six months (or three months for girls) and could also recall for misbehaviour. Borstal faltered after 1945 really because success rates were measured by reconviction rates. 1982 the administration of Margaret Thatcher formally abolished the Borstal and replaced it with the ‘Youth Custody Centre’ – with determinate sentences of imprisonment. Paterson7 replaced military type training with delegated authority and encouragement of personal responsibility. Staffs wore civilian clothing and were encouraged to get to know the ‘lads’ personally – considered revolutionary in the 1920s. The Borstal notion of training prisoners through personal relations, trust and responsibility gradually had an impact on the prison system as a whole. Two borstal elements were transplanted into the adult system with long lasting effects: 1. 1936 the first minimum-security (open) prison was established at New Hall, near Wakefield. 2. The housemaster was renamed ‘assistant governor’. The post war developments where about the Easier bail, Probation, Time to pay fines, a reduction in time to be served for a partial payment of fines, Reformatories for juveniles, Curtailment of imprisonment for debt and, More facilities for the insane and for habitual drunkards. In 1928 the then Home Secretary had described Dartmoor convict prison as ‘the cesspool of English humanity’ â€Å"I suppose there must be some residuum which no training or help will ever improve†8. Furthermore in 1948 Paterson and his colleagues framed Criminal justice Act. This was a highly influential piece of legislation. Borstal had represented the opposite view and resurrected the possibility of reformatory prison. Borstals and Detention Centres began to lose favour: neither for deterrence or reform was the short sentence acceptable. This is one of the elements in the English prison-crowding crisis – which became acute in the 1970s and 1980s and with which the country is still wrestling. Deterrence – Youth prisons known as Detention Centres were intended to subject boys (and half-heartedly, girls) who were thought to be on the verge of a custodial career to a last chance ‘short, sharp, shock’. Separate institutions for pre trial prisoners were planned but never created: these would be custodial but non-penal institutions. Due to the war, there were no funds and little sympathy for unconvinced detainees. McConville states that ‘thick skins and short purses ever since have ensured that English pre trial prisoners were treated worse than they were for virtually all of Victoria’s reign and much worse than their fellows who were convicted and sentenced’. The 1960s and early 1970s are seen as the beginning of the crisis years with British prisons. At last we can refer to System of Concentration. Mountbatten referred to the obvious advantages of an island prison holding all prisoners who posed a threat. A new prison was to be built on the Isle of Wight. This was rejected and the dispersal system became the preferred way of housing inmates. Since early 1966 new measurements of security have been implemented in selected prisons. Between 1969 and 1979 the prison service went through a number of riots. 70s and 80s dogged with accusations of brutality and violence directed at prisoners from the prison staff. Serious disturbances and riots had occurred in maximum-security prisons, which had led to reprisals against prisoners. British riots occurred within the new dispersal system: Parkhurst 1969, Albany 1971 & 1972, Gartree 1972, Hull 1976, and Gartree 1978. Hull riot will go down in history, as it was the prison staff who were ultimately tried and convicted. Special control units were introduced after the Gartree riot of 1972 for troublemakers over and above the existing segregation units. 1970s represent the years when reform and treatment had dwindled away and the whole prison system ran on the notion that ‘nothing works’. By 1978 both the courts and the prisons were in danger of serious collapse. Industrial relations were poor with prison staff. May Committee 1979 reported as a response to the previous troubled decade. They explored the issues of what the aim of imprisonment was; they agreed that the rhetoric of treatment and training had had its day. Finally, King and Morgan proposed the term ‘humane containment’: 1. Minimum use of custody 2. Minimum use of security 3. Normalisation. The current organisation of the prison system is heavily influenced by past practice. This has shaped the system that we now have today. So, it is difficult to assess progress of 20th Century. Harsh and punitive experience of prison overrides any idea of progressive treatment. Biggest rises can be seen from 1974 onwards. It is a fact that this matter is very important and serious for the society and has to be developed according to the needs of the society according to its progress at times. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums, Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Harmondsworth 2. Jones, K. (1993) Asylums and After: A Revised History of the Mental Health Services from the Early Eighteenth Century to the 1990’s. 3. Morris, N and Rothman, D.J (eds). (1995) The Oxford History of the Prison. Oxford University Press. 4. Porter, R. (2002) Madness: A Brief History. Oxford University Press. 1 Weiner, 1990. 2 Ruggles-Brise quoted in Garland 1985. 3 Prison Rule 6 in 1949 but Prison Rule 1 since 1964. 4 such as Borstal where principles of rehabilitation were initiated. 5 â€Å"the prison was decentred, shifted from its position as the central and predominant sanction to become one institution among many in an extended grid of penal sanctions. Of course it continued to be of major importance, but it was now deployed in a different manner, for a narrower section of the criminal population and often as a back up sanction for other institutions, rather than a place of first resort†. 6 The Borstal System. 7 Alexander Paterson. 8 Sir William Joynson-Hicks.

Current Economic Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Economic Situation - Essay Example As a result, the USA witnessed a growth in suburbs. Then the 1970’s recession destroyed the predominantly industrial cities and created a way for the growth of the knowledge sectors and new geographic centers. The economy suffered from the inefficiencies arising from the manufacturing era. The West Coast experienced a boom, but many cities focused on cheap yet appreciating housing, turning it into its main industry. Yet, as Florida (2009) outlined in his article, such development was too one – sided so that once the crisis occurred, the housing markets crashed, as did the local economy’s major industry. On the other hand, places such as New York have survived and will remain centers of innovation and progress. The latest developments have favored flexible, innovative and international labor force. Moreover, areas harboring such labor force are also diverse in terms of the skills and services these individuals provide. Such a labor force creates new ideas and easily takes over the economy once one segment of that economy falters. For example, whereas the finance, housing and industrial sector suffered, academics and scientists benefitted from this crisis, and so did the cities harboring them, thus creating new spatial fixes around which new forms of social structures will form. The social structure will change over the next decade or more. According to Florida (2010), the high paying workers will profit from their creativity just as the workers in the manufacturing areas benefitted after the Great Depression. Moreover, suburbs and their communities will become denser, more diverse and connected, responding to the need for fast communication, production and delivery of ideas. A change in homeownership will arise, where renting will become more widespread, increasing mobility of workers. In short, Harvey (2001) borrowed the term

Carther in the rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carther in the rye - Essay Example per therefore addresses these age-related psychological states of Holden, how these states alienate him from the society, thereby slowing his psychological development. To begin with, Holden believes that the protection of innocence and especially childhood innocence is a virtue that all must uphold. For instance, he thinks of Jane Gallagher as the little girl he used to play checkers with, and not as a growing woman. He loathes the fact that some men make sexual advances towards women, some of whom, like Jane, he feels are supposed to remain pure. At one instance, Holden says, â€Å"Most guys at Pencey just  talked  about having sexual intercourse with girls all the time – like Ackley, for instance – but old Stradlater really did it,† (Bloom, 2007, 7.32). This statement expresses his disgust towards such behaviors. In chapter 22, a conversation between Phoebe and Holden reveals to us what he terms as the purpose of his life, that of being a catcher in the rye. He pictures children playing in a field of rye next to a cliff, and imagines that he would catch them in the event that they slip. This dream shows us that he has af fection for childhood. Finally, Holden’s obsession with profanity manifests itself when he sees obscene graffiti in school. While on his way to visiting his friend Phoebe, he sees the words ‘fuck you’ (Bloom, 2007, Cap. 25) inscribed on the wall and tries to erase them. This shows his dislike against anything that may corrupt the mind of the children. Holden also shows disgust towards what he terms the ‘phoniness’ of the adult world. Holden uses this phrase to describe such aspects as hypocrisy, pretension and shallowness. One of the things that Holden brands as phony is the movies and anything related to them. However, we observe that he watches movies not because he loves them, but due to the lack of an alternative. He also believes that people are phony because they accept middle class values, for instance, he says, â€Å"Lawyers

The application of balanced scorecard in the performance evaluation of Essay

The application of balanced scorecard in the performance evaluation of higher education - Essay Example In the case of non-proï ¬ t organizations, the BSC lays huge emphasis on customer satisfaction and therefore a priority is given in all matters regarding to customer services. in organizations where a financial crisis is a daily affair, their BSC prioritized financial perspective. Focusing on different prioritization perspective of BSC, organizations have an opportunity to allocate resources appropriately with minimal wastage or fraud. The study case has also provided a platform for non-profit organizations to measure how they perform. In this, performance measure indicators (PMIs)are applied as indicators of efficiency. Again, different definition of PMIs can be adopted to fit the objectives of the business. In case of institutions of higher learning, â€Å"student/staff ratio† and â€Å"Ph.D ratio† PMIs are appropriate. For manufacturing concern, â€Å"customer satisfaction† is applicable while â€Å"service delivery† PMIs works with non-proï ¬ t org anization. Though implementation of the BSC has not been effected in Taiwan and other developing countries, America and Europe are already reaping its benefits. BSC is yet to gain momentum and relevant in third world countries. However, this study has clearly demonstrated that BSC can be instrumental in delivering positive changes in strategic and performance management in higher learning institutions. Furthermore, the study has recommended that senior management and supervisors must fully support the implementation of system managing tools, otherwise they are destined to failure. In conclusion, institutions should me motivated by their vision and mission so that they are run like any other business where efficiency is highly

International relation policies and climate change Research Paper

International relation policies and climate change - Research Paper Example The paper "International relation policies and climate change" concerns international relation policies and climate change. The department further warned that the situation is likely to worsen in the years to come, if not attended to immediately. The figures also show a decline in the level of emissions in developed economies such as United States and Russia. This decline apparently is a reflection of economic weakness, environmental consciousness (e.g. use of renewable power sources), and transfer of manufacturing industries to developing countries. Unfortunately, the decline in the industrial emissions from the advanced economies significantly falls below the increasing rate of emissions in the developing countries, which care less for their contribution to the global warming. Low-income countries whose low-income population heavily depends on carbon-intensive fuels such as coal increasingly pollutes the environment. Emissions from low-income countries alone accounts for about 80% of the greenhouse gases. Since 1945, the United Nations has been on the fore-front fighting for the restoration and conservation of the global environment. The UN has organized for a number of conferences focusing on climate change. The fifteenth conference was held in December 2009 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Like the earlier conferences, the 15th Climate Change Conference failed to produce desirable, legally binding and equitable agreements. Though the conference discussed ways of reducing ambitious emissions., technological advancements to the problem, and methods of financing the policies, it was in vain. In the end, The Copenhagen Accord was neither a comprehensive framework which demands effective, responsible participation from all the leading stakeholders (governments, financial institutions, and the civil society groups) nor was it a collective effort aimed at combating climate crisis in a more integrated manner. The CoP15 (The 15th Conference of the Parties) to the United Nati ons Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was therefore described as a failed policy as no binding agreement was arrived at. The aim objective of the conference was to discuss and propose polices which would be essential in keeping the average world temperature rise slightly below 2oC. Partisanship and self-interest resulted into two groups of the UNFCCC: Annex I and Non-Annex I countries which represented different interests. Annex I was composed of the 40 industrialized and transitional countries non-Annex I countries was made up of developing economies (Mazo 245). As claimed by members of the non-Annex I, a twenty six â€Å"representative group of leaders† from Annex I developed the Accord in their favor through un-transparent, restrictive, and top-down had developed the policies aimed at conserving the environment with little consideration to the minor countries. The â€Å"bottom-up pledge and review† approach to reducing global emission as described in t he Accord was perceived as unpractical and unfair mechanism of reducing reaching the desired goal of less than 2 percent annual increase in global temperature. So far, the ledges made under the Accord falls short of the delegates and representative call of ‘ambitious’

The Second Amendment Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Second Amendment Paper - Essay Example When read in context, the Amendment plainly states that the right of the people to bear arms is necessary only as it relates to keeping a militia, which every state has; the National Guard. The phrasing of the Second Amendment was carefully crafted by the Founders. There is no ambiguity but many purposely forget to include the first part which is separated by a comma, not a period which makes all the difference when interpreting the Founder’s intention. The word â€Å"gun† is not found anywhere in the Constitution. It refers only to â€Å"arms.† Does this indicate American citizens have the right to keep and bear chemical or nuclear arms? The subject of gun control is contentious and there is legitimate Constitutional debate to be had. It would be helpful, however, if both sides would rise above the emotional aspect surrounding the issue. In the opinion of persons opposed to gun control, the right for citizens to own arms was of utmost importance to those who aut hored the Constitution as evidenced by the fact it is second only to the freedom of speech, the press and religion listed in the First Amendment. The Founders well understood that by legally mandating the authority to own armaments, the nation’s citizens would have the capacity to defend themselves from anything that might jeopardize their life, liberty or pursuit of happiness. These dangers include personal protection from people and animals or, more importantly, from a tyrannical government that threatened to take away the freedoms written in the Constitution. â€Å"The Second Amendment reflects the founders’ belief that an armed citizenry, called the ‘general militia’ was a necessary precaution against tyranny by our own government and its army. The idea that government has a constitutional right to disarm the general citizenry is totally foreign to the intent of the Constitution’s framers† (Reynolds & Caruth III, 1992). In the case Distri ct of Columbia v. Heller the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment protects a wholly individual right, just as the First, Fourth and Ninth Amendments do. â€Å"Nowhere else in the Constitution does a ‘right’ attributed to ‘the people’ refer to anything other than an individual right,† the court said. â€Å"The term ‘the people’ unambiguously refers to all members of the community.†Ã‚   (NRA, 2008) Constitutional scholar Stephen Halbrook has observed that no evidence exists that any person connected with drafting, deliberating or ratifying the Second Amendment considered it to safeguard anything other than an individual rights. Those that advocate at least some type of gun control use empirical evidence to support their position. It is not true that more guns equals less gun violence as some firearm enthusiasts often claim. Homicide rates are tied to the ease of access to guns. According to the Center for Disease Control, d uring 2006 through 2007, 25,423 homicides occurred in the U.S. by gunfire. Approximately 65 percent of all murders in the U.S involve a gun. (Reinberg, 2011). Guns kept in the home are much more likely to injure or kill an unintended person than an intruder. All too often, that unintended person is a child. If the gun owner does not have the adequate training or confidence necessary to use the weapon effectively, it could still be